Abstract
The Astragalus polysaccharide is an important bioactive component derived from the dry root of Astragalus membranaceus. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research progress on the immunomodulatory effect of Astragalus polysaccharide and provide valuable reference information. We review the immunomodulatory effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on central and peripheral immune organs, including bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal tissues. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on a variety of immune cells is summarized. Studies have shown that Astragalus polysaccharide can promote the activities of macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and microglia and induce the expression of a variety of cytokines and chemokines. The immunomodulatory effect of Astragalus polysaccharide makes it promising for the treatment of many diseases, including cancer, infection, type 1 diabetes, asthma, and autoimmune disease. Among them, the anticancer effect is the most prominent. In short, Astragalus polysaccharide is a valuable immunomodulatory medicine, but further high-quality studies are warranted to corroborate its clinical efficacy.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abuelsaad A (2014) Supplementation with Astragalus polysaccharides alters Aeromonas-induced tissue-specific cellular immune response. Microb Pathog 66:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2013.12.005
Balakrishnan B, Liang Q, Fenix K, Tamang B, Hauben E, Ma L, Zhang W (2021) Combining the anticancer and immunomodulatory effects of Astragalus and Shiitake as an integrated therapeutic approach. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082564
Bamodu OA, Kuo KT, Wang CH, Huang WC, Wu ATH, Tsai JT, Lee KY, Yeh CT, Wang LS (2019) Astragalus polysaccharides (PG2) enhances the M1 polarization of macrophages, functional maturation of dendritic cells, and T cell-mediated anticancer immune responses in patients with lung cancer. Nutrients 11:2264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102264
Bao WR, Li Z, Zhang Q, Li L, Liu H, Ma D, Leung C, Lu A, Bian Z, Han Q (2018) Astragalus polysaccharide RAP selectively attenuates paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity toward RAW 264.7 cells by reversing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 9:1580. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01580
Bao WR, Zhang QW, Zheng HM, Li LF, Liu M, Cheng HY, Wong TL, Zhang G, Lu AP, Bian ZX, Ma DL, Leung CH, Han QB (2021) Radix Astragali polysaccharide RAP directly protects hematopoietic stem cells from chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression by increasing FOS expression. Int J Biol Macromol 183:1715–1722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.120
Battella S, Cox MC, Santoni A, Palmieri G (2016) Natural killer (NK) cells and anti-tumor therapeutic mAb: unexplored interactions. J Leukoc Biol 99:87–96. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.5VMR0415-141R
Bronte V, Pittet MJ (2013) The spleen in local and systemic regulation of immunity. Immunity 39:806–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.010
Cao L, Yu M, Wang CH, Bao YH, Zhang MH, He P, Zhang Y, Yang TT, Li LL, Li G, Gong Y (2019a) Cellulase-assisted extraction, characterization, and bioactivity against rheumatoid arthritis of Astragalus polysaccharides. Int J Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8514247
Cao YX, Huang D, Liu J, Zong RK, Wan L, Huang CB, Zhang WD, Wang Y (2019b) A Novel Chinese Medicine, Xinfeng Capsule, Modulates Proinflammatory Cytokines via Regulating the Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)/Nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB) Signaling Pathway in an Adjuvant Arthritis Rat Model. Med Sci Monit 25:6767–6774. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.916317
Chang WT, Lai TH, Chyan YJ, Yin SY, Chen YH, Wei WC, Yang NS (2015) Specific medicinal plant polysaccharides effectively enhance the potency of a DC-based vaccine against mouse mammary tumor metastasis. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122374
Chang ZQ, Ge QQ, Sun M, Wang Q, Lv HY, Li J (2018) Immune responses by dietary supplement with Astragalus polysaccharides in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacult Nutr 24:702–711. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12599
Chang FL, Tsai KC, Lin TY, Yang TW, Lo YN, Chen WC, Chang JH, Lu MK, Chiou CT, Chen PH, Yen Y, Pan SL, Lee YC (2020a) Astragalus membranaceus-derived anti-programmed death-1 monoclonal antibodies with immunomodulatory therapeutic effects against tumors. BioMed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3415471
Chang HL, Kuo YH, Wu LH, Chang CM, Cheng KJ, Tyan YC, Lee CH (2020b) The extracts of Astragalus membranaceus overcome tumor immune tolerance by inhibition of tumor programmed cell death protein ligand-1 expression. Int J Med Sci 17:939–945. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.42978
Chen ZJ, Liu LJ, Gao CF, Chen WJ, Vong CT, Yao PF, Yang YH, Li XZ, Tang XD, Wang SP, Wang YT (2020) Astragali Radix (Huangqi): a promising edible immunomodulatory herbal medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112895
Chu X, Liu XJ, Qiu JM, Zeng XL, Bao HR, Shu J (2016) Effects of Astragalus and Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides on alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mice exposed to PM2.5. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 48:76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.10.006
Ding GQ, Gong QY, Ma JY, Liu XJ, Wang YH, Cheng XD (2021) Immunosuppressive activity is attenuated by Astragalus polysaccharides through remodeling the gut microenvironment in melanoma mice. Cancer Sci 112:4050–4063. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.15078
Du X, Zhao B, Li J, Cao X, Diao M, Feng H, Chen X, Chen Z, Zeng X (2012) Astragalus polysaccharides enhance immune responses of HBV DNA vaccination via promoting the dendritic cell maturation and suppressing Treg frequency in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 14:463–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2012.09.006
Fan YP, Ma L, Zhang WM, Cui XQ, Zhen Y, Suolangzhaxi, Song X (2013) Liposome can improve the adjuvanticity of Astragalus polysaccharide on the immune response against ovalbumin. Int J Biol Macromol 60:206–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.030
Farag MR, Alagawany M (2018) The role of Astragalus membranaceus as immunomodulator in poultry. World’s Poult Sci J 75:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933918000739
Feng S, Ding H, Liu L, Peng C, Wu J (2020) Astragalus polysaccharide enhances the immune function of RAW264.7 macrophages via the NFκB p65/MAPK signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 21:20. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9452
Fu J, Wang ZH, Huang LF, Zheng SH, Wang DM, Chen SL, Zhang HT, Yang SH (2014) Review of the botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi). Phytother Res 28:1275–1283. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5188
Gabrilovich DI (2017) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Immunol Res 5:3–8. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0297
Ganea D, Hooper KM, Kong W (2015) The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide: direct effects on immune cells and involvement in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Acta Physiol 213:442–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12427
Gao YJ, Zhu F, Qian JM, Dai JY (2016) Therapeutic and immunoregulatory effect of GATA-binding protein-3/T-box expressed in T-cells ratio of Astragalus polysaccharides on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. Chin J Integr Med 22:918–924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-015-2151-0
Gwab C, Scab C, Ywab C, Smab C, Yhab C (2020) Immune effect of Vibrio harveyi formalin-killed cells vaccine combined with chitosan oligosaccharide and Astragalus polysaccharides in ♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus×♂Epinephelus lanceolatus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 98:186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.015
Han YK, Yu CC, Yu Y (2021) Astragalus polysaccharide alleviates alveolar bone destruction by regulating local osteoclastogenesis during periodontitis. J Appl Biomed 19:97–104. https://doi.org/10.32725/jab.2021.010
Hao ZF, Su YM, Liu JY, Wang CM, Yang RY (2015) Astragalus polysaccharide suppresses excessive collagen accumulation in a murine model of bleomycin-induced scleroderma. Int J Clin Exp Med 8:3848–3854
Haufe S, Haug M, Schepp C, Kuemmerle-Deschner J, Hansmann S, Rieber N, Tzaribachev N, Hospach T, Maier J, Dannecker GE, Holzer U (2011) Impaired suppression of synovial fluid CD4+CD25-T cells from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis by CD4+CD25+Treg cells. Arthritis Rheum 63:3153–3162. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.30503
Hou YC, Wu JM, Wang MY, Wu MH, Chen KY, Yeh SL, Lin MT (2015) Modulatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on T-cell polarization in mice with polymicrobial sepsis. Mediat Inflamm. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/826319
Huang YC, Tsay HJ, Lu MK, Lin CH, Yeh CW, Liu HK, Shiao YJ (2017) Astragalus membranaceus-polysaccharides ameliorates obesity, hepatic steatosis, neuroinflammation and cognition impairment without affecting amyloid deposition in metabolically stressed APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122746
Huang WC, Kuo KT, Bamodu OA, Lin YK, Wang CH, Lee KY, Wang LS, Yeh CT, Tsai JT (2019) Astragalus polysaccharide (PG2) ameliorates cancer symptom clusters, as well as improves quality of life in patients with metastatic disease, through modulation of the inflammatory cascade. Cancers. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11081054
Huntington ND, Cursons J, Rautela J (2020) The cancer-natural killer cell immunity cycle. Nat Rev Cancer 20:437–454. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-020-0272-z
Hwang J, Zhang W, Dhananjay Y, An E, Kwak M, You S, Lee P, Jin J (2021) Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides potentiate the growth-inhibitory activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors against pulmonary metastatic melanoma in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 182:1292–1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.073
Jia N, Qiao HR, Zhu W, Zhu MH, Meng QH, Lu Q, Zu YG (2019) Antioxidant, immunomodulatory, oxidative stress inhibitory and iron supplementation effect of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide-iron (III) complex on iron-deficiency anemia mouse model. Int J Biol Macromol 132:213–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.196
Jia X, Xie LY, Liu Y, Liu TF, Yang PQ, Hu JF, Peng ZC, Luo KR, Du M, Chen CJ (2022) Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) exerts protective effect against acute ischemic stroke (AIS) through enhancing M2 micoglia polarization by regulating adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/purinergic receptor (P2 × 7R) axis. Bioengineered 13:4468–4480. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1980176
Jiang YP, Qi XH, Gao K, Liu WJ, Li N, Cheng NB, Ding G, Huang WZ, Wang ZZ, Xiao W (2016) Relationship between molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and immunobiologic activity of Astragalus polysaccharides. Glycoconj J 33:755–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-016-9669-z
Jin ML, Zhao K, Huang QS, Shang P (2014) Structural features and biological activities of the polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus. Int J Biol Macromol 64:257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.002
Johansen JR, Perner A, Brodtkorb JH, Moller MH (2021) Use of hydroxyethyl starch in sepsis research: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 65:1355–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.13954
Johnsrud AJ, Jenkins SV, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Quick CM, Galhardo EP, Dings RP, Vang KB, Narayanasamy G, Makhoul I, Griffin RJ (2020) Evidence for early stage anti-tumor immunity elicited by spatially fractionated radiotherapy-immunotherapy combinations. Radiat Res 194:688–697. https://doi.org/10.1667/rade-20-00065.1
Jung Y, Jerng U, Lee S (2016) A systematic review of anticancer effects of Radix Astragali. Chin J Integr Med 22:225–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-015-2324-x
Kambayashi T, Laufer TM (2014) Atypical MHC class II-expressing antigen-presenting cells: can anything replace a dendritic cell? Nat Rev Immunol 14:719–730. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3754
Kang CS, Yu CY (2018) Effect of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides on improves immune response after exhaustive exercise rats. Korean J Med Crop Sci 26:72–81. https://doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2018.26.1.72
Kong FM, Chen TQ, Li XJ, Jia YJ (2021) The current application and future prospects of Astragalus polysaccharide combined with cancer immunotherapy: a review. Front Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.737674
Lai XY, Xia WB, Wei J, Ding XH (2017) Therapeutic effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on hepatocellular carcinoma H22-bearing mice. Dose-Response. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559325816685182
Lee KY, Jeon YJ (2005) Macrophage activation by polysaccharide isolated from Astragalus membranaceus. Int Immunopharmacol 5:1225–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/jintimp200502020
Lee YC, Huang HT, Chang CD, Chen CT, Lin TY, Yang TW, Chang FL, Lu MK, Chiou CT, Chen WC, Pan SL, Tsai KC (2020) Isolation of anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing effects from an Astragalus-induced immune antibody library. Int Immunopharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107007
Li RJ, Qiu SD, Chen HX, Tian H, Wang HX (2007) The immunotherapeutic effects of Astragalus polysaccharide in type 1 diabetic mice. Biol Pharm Bull 30:470–476. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.30.470
Li R, Chen WC, Wang WP, Tian WY, Zhang XG (2009) Extraction, characterization of Astragalus polysaccharides and its immune modulating activities in rats with gastric cancer. Carbohydr Polym 78:738–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.06.005
Li Q, Bao JM, Li XL, Zhang T, Shen XH (2012) Inhibiting effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on the functions of CD4+CD25 highTreg cells in the tumor microenvironment of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Med J 125:786–793. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2012.05.012
Li ZP, Zhang QW, Wei W, Li LF, Ma DL, Leung CH, Lu AP, Bian ZX, Han QB (2017) Luteolin exerted less inhibitory effect on macrophage activation induced by Astragalus polysaccharide than by lipopolysaccharide. J Funct Foods 37:618–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.023
Li WF, Hu XY, Wang SP, Wang H, Parungao R, Wang YW, Liu TQ, Song KD (2018a) Detection and evaluation of anti-cancer efficiency of Astragalus polysaccharide via a tissue engineered tumor model. Macromol Biosci. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201800223
Li YL, Lei XY, Yin ZC, Guo W, Yang XJ (2018b) Transgenerational effects of paternal dietary Astragalus polysaccharides on spleen immunity of broilers. Int J Biol Macromol 115:90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.009
Li ZP, Liu HB, Zhang QW, Li LF, Bao WR, Ma DL, Leung CH, Bian ZX, Lu AP, Han QB (2018) Interference of quercetin on Astragalus polysaccharide-induced macrophage activation. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071563
Li K, Li S, Wang D, Li X, Wu X, Liu X, Du G, Li X, Qin X, Du Y (2019a) Extraction, characterization, antitumor and immunological activities of hemicellulose polysaccharide from Astragalus radix herb residue. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203644
Li S, Ren LN, Zhu XD, Li JL, Zhang L, Wang XF, Gao F, Zhou GH (2019b) Immunomodulatory effect of gamma-irradiated Astragalus polysaccharides on immunosuppressed broilers. Anim Sci J 90:117–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13133
Li S, Wang XF, Ren LN, Li JL, Zhu XD, Xing T, Zhang L, Gao F, Zhou GH (2019c) Protective effects gamma-irradiated Astragalus polysaccharides on intestinal development and mucosal immune function of immunosuppressed broilers. Poult Sci 98:6400–6410. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez478
Li W, Song K, Wang S, Zhang C, Zhuang M, Wang Y, Liu T (2019d) Anti-tumor potential of Astragalus polysaccharides on breast cancer cell line mediated by macrophage activation. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 98:685–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.025
Li CS, Talapphet N, Palanisamy S, Ma N, Cho ML, You S (2020a) The relationship between structural properties and activation of RAW264.7 and natural killer (NK) cells by sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Astragalus membranaceus roots. Process Biochem 97:140–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2020.06.021
Li K, Cao YX, Jiao SM, Du GH, Du YG, Qin XM (2020b) Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. Front Pharmacol. 11https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.582091
Li K, Cui LJ, Cao YX, Li SY, Shi LX, Qin XM, Du YG (2020c) UHPLC Q-exactive MS-based serum metabolomics to explore the effect mechanisms of immunological activity of Astragalus polysaccharides with different molecular weights. Front Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.595692
Li K, Li S, Du Y, Qin X (2020d) Screening and structure study of active components of Astragalus polysaccharide for injection based on different molecular weights. J Chromatogr B 1152:122255. Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life scienceshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122255
Li WF, Hu XY, Wang SP, Jiao ZR, Sun TY, Liu TQ, Song KD (2020e) Characterization and anti-tumor bioactivity of Astragalus polysaccharides by immunomodulation. Int J Biol Macromol 145:985–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.189
Li YL, Xu YJ, Pan C, Ren ZZ, Yang XJ (2020f) TRIF is essential for the anti-inflammatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on LPS-infected Caco2 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 159:832–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomac.2020.05.005
Li L, Xu WH, Yi CJ, Cheng YC, Xin HW, Xue HM, Li CK, Fang XY, Yang LM, Chen C, Yang M (2021a) Astragalus polysaccharide has a protective effect on hematopoiesis in an irradiated mouse model and decreases apoptosis in megakaryocytes. Mol Med Rep. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11653
Li Y, Ran C, Wei KJ, Xie YD, Xie MX, Zhou W, Yang YL, Zhang Z, Lv HY, Ma XF, Zhou ZG (2021b) The effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on growth, gut and liver health, and anti-viral immunity of zebrafish. Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736677
Li Y, Wang X, Ma X, Liu C, Wu J, Sun C (2021c) Natural polysaccharides and their derivates: a promising natural adjuvant for tumor immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 12:621813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.621813
Li ZX, Zhao GD, Xiong W, Linghu KG, Ma QS, Cheang WS, Yu H, Wang Y (2021d) Immunomodulatory effects of a new whole ingredients extract from Astragalus: a combined evaluation on chemistry and pharmacology. Chin Med 16:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-021-00440-3
Liao JZ, Li CY, Huang J, Liu WP, Chen HC, Liao SY, Chen HY, Rui W (2018) Structure characterization of honey-processed Astragalus polysaccharides and its anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010168
Liao LY, Li J, Li J, Huang YF, Wu YJ (2021) Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on intestinal morphology and intestinal immune cells of Muscovy ducklings infected with Muscovy duck reovirus. Poult Sci 100:64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.021
Lim JD, Yu CY, Kim SH, Chung IM (2016) Structural characterization of an intestinal immune system-modulating arabino-3,6-galactan-like polysaccharide from the above-ground part of Astragalus membranaceus (Bunge). Carbohydr Polym 136:1265–1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.029
Lim SM, Park HB, Jin JO (2021) Polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus promotes the activation of human peripheral blood and mouse spleen dendritic cells. Chin J Nat Med 19:56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60006-7
Liu QY, Yao YM, Zhang SW, Sheng ZY (2011) Astragalus polysaccharides regulate T cell-mediated immunity via CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DCs in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 136:457–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.041
Liu AJ, Yu J, Ji HY, Zhang HC, Zhang Y, Liu HP (2018a) Extraction of a novel cold-water-soluble polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus and its antitumor and immunological activities. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010062
Liu DD, Su JR, Lin JS, Qian G, Chen XX, Song SQ, Huang KH (2018b) Activation of AMPK-dependent SIRT-1 by Astragalus polysaccharide protects against ochratoxin A-induced immune stress in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 120:683–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.156
Liu C, Luo J, Xue RY, Guo L, Nie L, Li S, Ji L, Ma CJ, Chen DQ, Miao K, Zou QM, Li HB (2019a) The mucosal adjuvant effect of plant polysaccharides for induction of protective immunity against Helicobacter pylori infection. Vaccine 37:1053–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.066
Liu L, Hu L, Yao Z, Qin Z, Idehara M, Dai Y, Kiyohara H, Yamada H, Yao X (2019b) Mucosal immunomodulatory evaluation and chemical profile elucidation of a classical traditional Chinese formula, Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang. J Ethnopharmacol 228:188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.003
Liu X, Ma J, Ding G, Gong Q, Wang Y, Yu H, Cheng X (2021) Microglia polarization from M1 toward M2 phenotype is promoted by Astragalus polysaccharides mediated through inhibition of miR-155 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021:5753452. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5753452
Liu J, Zhang PJ, Wang B, Lu YT, Li L, Li YH, Liu SJ (2022) Evaluation of the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides as immunostimulants on the immune response of crucian carp and against SVCV in vitro and in vivo. Comp Biochem Physiol C. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109249
Locatelli F, Bauquet A, Palumbo G, Moretta F, Bertaina A (2013) Negative depletion of alpha/beta(+) T cells and of CD19 + B lymphocytes: a novel frontier to optimize the effect of innate immunity in HLA-mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Immunol Lett 155:21–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.027
Lu Y, Xing QQ, Xu JY, Ding D, Zhao X (2016) Astragalus polysaccharide modulates ER stress response in an OVA-LPS induced murine model of severe asthma. Int J Biol Macromol 93:995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.058
Luo T, Qin J, Liu M, Luo J, Ding F, Wang ML, Zheng LM (2015) Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in microglial cells: regulation of protein kinase B and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling. Inflamm Res 64:205–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-015-0798-9
Luo D, Yang N, Liu Z, Li T, Wang H, Ge M, Zhang R (2021) Effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on intestinal inflammatory damage in goslings infected with gosling plague. Br Poult Sci 62:353–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2020.1859094
Lv X, Chen D, Yang L, Zhu N, Li J, Zhao J, Hu Z, Wang FJ, Zhang LW (2016) Comparative studies on the immunoregulatory effects of three polysaccharides using high content imaging system. Int J Biol Macromol 86:28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.048
Marfil-Garza BA, Hefler J, De Leon MB, Pawlick R, Dadheech N, Shapiro AMJ (2021) Progress in translational regulatory T cell therapies for type 1 diabetes and islet transplantation. Endocr Rev 42:198–218. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa028
Meng FX, Xu PJ, Wang X, Huang Y, Wu LY, Chen YL, Teng LR, Wang D (2017) Investigation on the immunomodulatory activities of Sarcodon imbricatus extracts in a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressanted mouse model. Saudi Pharm J 25:460–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2017.04.006
Meng YB, Zhang YY, Jia N, Qiao HR, Zhu MH, Meng QH, Lu Q, Zu YG (2018) Synthesis and evaluation of a novel water-soluble high Se-enriched Astragalus polysaccharide nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 118:1438–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.153
Moreno-Mendieta S, Guillen D, Hernandez-Pando R, Sanchez S, Rodriguez-Sanoja R (2017) Potential of glucans as vaccine adjuvants: a review of the alpha-glucans case. Carbohydr Polym 165:103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.030
Mu JY, Li YD, Zhao XK, Li J, Yang AJ (2019) Astragalus polysaccharide restores activation of NK cells in radiation therapy of tumors. Int J Clin Exp Med 12:8609–8621
Niu Y, Wang H, Xie Z, Whent M, Gao X, Xian Z, Zou S, Yao W, Yu L (2011) Structural analysis and bioactivity of a polysaccharide from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao. Food Chem 128:620–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.055
Pang GB, Chen C, Liu Y, Jiang TY, Yu H, Wu YX, Wang YY, Wang FJ, Liu ZY, Zhang LW (2019a) Bioactive polysaccharide nanoparticles improve radiation-induced abscopal effect through manipulation of dendritic cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:42661–42670. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b16814
Pang GB, Zhang SL, Zhou XP, Yu H, Wu YX, Jiang TY, Zhang XH, Wang FJ, Wang YY, Zhang LW (2019b) Immunoactive polysaccharide functionalized gold nanocomposites promote dendritic cell stimulation and antitumor effects. Nanomedicine 14:1291–1306. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0390
Peng Y, Song Y, Wang Q, Hu Y, He Y, Ren D, Wu L, Liu S, Cong H, Zhou H (2019) In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects of fucoidan compound agents. Int J Biol Macromol 127:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.197
Poupot R, Goursat C, Fruchon S (2018) Multivalent nanosystems: targeting monocytes/macrophages. Int J Nanomed 13:5511–5521. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s146192
Qin QJ, Niu JY, Wang ZX, Xu WJ, Qiao ZD, Gu Y (2012) Astragalus membranaceus extract activates immune response in macrophages via heparanase. Molecules 17:7232–7240. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17067232
Qiu CJ, Cheng YX (2019) Effect of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide on the serum cytokine levels and spermatogenesis of mice. Int J Biol Macromol 140:771–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.191
Ren L, Wang X, Li S, Li J, Zhu X, Zhang L, Gao F, Zhou G (2018) Effect of gamma irradiation on structure, physicochemical and immunomodulatory properties of Astragalus polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 120:641–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.138
Rivoltini L, Carrabba M, Huber V, Castelli C, Novellino L, Dalerba P, Mortarini R, Arancia G, Anichini A, Fais S, Parmiani G (2002) Immunity to cancer: attack and escape in T lymphocyte-tumor cell interaction. Immunol Rev 188:97–113. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-065X.2002.18809.x
Saijo K, Crotti A, Glass CK (2013) Regulation of microglia activation and deactivation by nuclear receptors. Glia 61:104–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.22423
Sakaguchi S, Tanaka S, Tanaka A, Ito Y, Maeda S, Sakaguchi N, Hashimoto M (2011) Thymus, innate immunity and autoimmune arthritis: interplay of gene and environment. FEBS Lett 585:3633–3639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2011.10.026
Scheffer DD, Latini A (2020) Exercise-induced immune system response: anti-inflammatory status on peripheral and central organs. Biochim Biophys Acta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165823
Shan CL, Sun BD, Dalloul RA, Zhai ZC, Sun P, Li MH, Yang SB, Luan WM (2019) Effect of the oral administration of Astragalus polysaccharides on jejunum mucosal immunity in chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease. Microb Pathog. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103621
Shang N, Figini M, Shangguan J, Wang B, Sun C, Pan L, Ma QH, Zhang ZL (2017) Dendritic cells based immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 7:2091–2102. https://doi.org/10.1080/08830180600992456
She YL, Zhao XW, Wu PF, Xue L, Liu Z, Zhu M, Yang J, Li YL (2021) Astragalus polysaccharide protects formaldehyde-induced toxicity by promoting NER pathway in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 59:124–133. https://doi.org/10.5603/FHC.a2021.0013
Shi L, Yin F, Xin X, Mao S, Sun X (2014) Astragalus polysaccharide protects astrocytes from being infected by HSV-1 through TLR3/NF-κB signaling pathway. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/285356
Shi Q, Zhao L, Zhang L (2019) Astragalus polysaccharide strengthens the inflammatory and immune responses of Brucella suis S2-infected mice and macrophages. Exp Ther Med 18:4295–4302. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.8084
Shi F, Lu ZJ, Yang MX, Li F, Zhan FB, Zhao LJ, Li YN, Li QQ, Li JT, Li J, Lin L, Qin ZD (2021) Astragalus polysaccharides mediate the immune response and intestinal microbiota in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736205
Shokati E, Shokri MR, Entezami K, Khorrami S, Amani M, Motallebnezhad M, Safari E (2021) Immunomodulatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells co-cultured with cervical cancer cell line. J Tradit Chin Med 41:684–694. https://doi.org/10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2021.05.004
Song Y, Yang J, Bai WL, Ji WY (2011) Antitumor and immunoregulatory effects of Astragalus on nasopharyngeal carcinoma in vivo and in vitro. Phytother Res 25:909–915. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3354
Song J, Li J, Zheng SR, Jin Y, Huang Y (2013) Anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of Yupingfeng (cZ parts per thousand a +/- e Z) pound powder on chronic bronchitis rats. Chin J Integr Med 19:353–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-013-1442-6
Song HC, Zhang SQ, Yang BT, Liu YH, Kang YH, Li Y, Qian AD, Yuan ZH, Cong B, Shan XF (2022) Effects of four different adjuvants separately combined with Aeromonas veronii inactivated vaccine on haematoimmunological state, enzymatic activity, inflammatory response and disease resistance in crucian carp. Fish Shellfish Immunol 120:658–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.003
Sun S, Zheng K, Zhao H, Lu C, Liu B, Yu C, Zhang G, Bian Z, Lu A, He X (2014) Regulatory effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on intestinal intraepithelial γδT cells of tumor bearing mice. Molecules 19:15224–15236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190915224
Sun H, Ni XQ, Song X, Wen B, Zhou Y, Zou FQ, Yang MY, Peng ZR, Zhu H, Zeng Y, Wang HS, Fu XC, Shi YD, Yin ZQ, Pan KC, Jing B, Zeng D, Wang P (2016) Fermented Yupingfeng polysaccharides enhance immunity by improving the foregut microflora and intestinal barrier in weaning rex rabbits. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100:8105–8120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7619-0
Sun ZC, Fu YX, Peng H (2018) Targeting tumor cells with antibodies enhances anti-tumor immunity. Biophys Rep 4:243–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41048-018-0070-2
Sun Y, Jing YY, Huang MW, Ma JY, Peng XY, Wang JY, Li GL, Cheng XD (2019) The PD-1/PD-Ls pathway is up-regulated during the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis treated by Astragalus polysaccharides. J Neuroimmunol 332:78–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.019
Tang S, Liu W, Zhao QQ, Li KD, Zhu JY, Yao WB, Gao XD (2021) Combination of polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus and Codonopsis pilosula ameliorated mice colitis and underlying mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113280
Tesher MS, Esteban Y, Henderson TO, Villanueva G, Onel KB (2019) Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in association with pediatric primary sjogren syndrome: 2 cases and review. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 41:413–416. https://doi.org/10.1097/mph.0000000000001321
Tian QE, Li HD, Yan M, Cai HL, Tan QY, Zhang WY (2012) Astragalus polysaccharides can regulate cytokine and P-glycoprotein expression in H22 tumor-bearing mice. World J Gastroenterol 18:7079–7086. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.7079
Tsao SM, Wu TC, Chen J, Chang F, Tsao T (2021) Astragalus polysaccharide injection (PG2) normalizes the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with advanced lung cancer receiving immunotherapy. Integr Cancer Ther 20:1534735421995256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735421995256
Van Den Bossche J, O’neill LA, Menon D (2017) Macrophage immunometabolism: where are we (going)? Trends Immunol 38:395–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2017.03.001
Wan XH, Yin YM, Zhou CZ, Hou L, Cui QH, Zhang XP, Cai XQ, Wang YL, Wang LZ, Tian JZ (2022) Polysaccharides derived from Chinese medicinal herbs: a promising choice of vaccine adjuvants. Carbohydr Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118739
Wang ZX, Liu ZJ, Zhou LJ, Long TT, Zhou X, Bao YX (2017) Immunomodulatory effect of APS and PSP is mediated by Ca2+-cAMP and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophage. Int J Biol Macromol 94:283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.018
Wang J, Jia JY, Song L, Gong X, Xu JP, Yang M, Li MH (2019) Extraction, structure, and pharmacological activities of Astragalus polysaccharides. Appl Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9010122
Wang SS, Sun YQ, Zhang JJ, Cui XM, Xu ZL, Ding DJ, Zhao LM, Li WT, Zhang WF (2020) Astragalus polysaccharides/chitosan microspheres for nasal delivery: preparation, optimization, characterization, and pharmacodynamics. Front Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00230
Wang D, Liu Y, Zhao W (2021) The adjuvant effects on vaccine and the immunomodulatory mechanisms of polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicine. Front Mol Biosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2021.655570
Wei W, Xiao HT, Bao WR, Ma DL, Leung CH, Han XQ, Ko CH, Lau CB, Wong CK, Fung KP, Leung PC, Bian ZX, Han QB (2016) TLR-4 may mediate signaling pathways of Astragalus polysaccharide RAP induced cytokine expression of RAW264.7 cells. J Ethnopharmacol 179:243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.060
Wei W, Li ZP, Bian ZX, Han QB (2019) Astragalus polysaccharide RAP induces macrophage phenotype polarization to M1 via the notch signaling pathway. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24102016
Wu J, Xu H, Zhang L, Zhang X (2016) Radix Astragali and Tanshinone help carboplatin inhibit B16 tumor cell growth. Technol Cancer Res Treat 15:583–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533034615588682
Wu SR, Ren XC, Li YL, Guo W, Lei XY, Yao JH, Yang XJ (2017) Effect of dietary Astragalus polysaccharide supplements on testicular miRNA expression profiles and enzymatic changes of breeder cocks. Sci Rep 7:38864. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38864
Xia WU, Yang W, Zhang L, Li DX (2011) Effect of Astragalus polysaccharide segments with different molecular weight on systematic/mucosal immunization in immunodepressive mice. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae. https://doi.org/10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.2011.18.015
Xie JH, Jin ML, Morris GA, Zha XQ, Chen HQ, Yi Y, Li JE, Wang ZJ, Gao J, Nie SP, Shang P, Xie MY (2016) Advances on bioactive polysaccharides from medicinal plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 56:S60–S84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1069255
Xiong J, Jiang BL, Luo Y, Zou JZ, Gao X, Xu D, Du Y, Hao L (2020) Multifunctional nanoparticles encapsulating Astragalus polysaccharide and gold nanorods in combination with focused ultrasound for the treatment of breast cancer. Int J Nanomed 15:4151–4169. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s246447
Xu SW, Wusiman A, Liu ZG, Gu PF, Ni HY, Zhang Y, Hu YL, Liu JG, Wu Y, Wang DY (2019) pH-responsive Astragalus polysaccharides-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles and their in vitro immunogenicity. Int J Biol Macromol 125:865–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.156
Xu J, Zhang Q, Li Z, Gao Y, Pang Z, Wu Y, Li G, Lu D, Zhang L, Li D (2021) Astragalus polysaccharides attenuate ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NOD2-mediated NF-κB activation. J Med Food 24:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2020.4750
Xue LG, Wang D, Zhang DX, Ju AQ, Duan AY, Xing JH, Qin YJ, Yang SB, Luan WM (2020) The immune adjuvant effect of Astragalus polysaccharide onin ovoinjection of Newcastle disease vaccine. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 104:1719–1726. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13388
Xu-Monette ZY, Zhou JF, Young KH (2018) PD-1 expression and clinical PD-1 blockade in B-cell lymphomas. Blood 131:68–83. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-07-740993
Yakubogullari N, Coven FO, Cebi N, Coven F, Coven N, Genc R, Bedir E, Nalbantsoy A (2021) Evaluation of adjuvant activity of Astragaloside VII and its combination with different immunostimulating agents in Newcastle Disease vaccine. Biologicals 70:28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.01.005
Yakuboğulları N, Genç R, öven F, Nalbantsoy A, Bedir E (2019) Development of adjuvant nanocarrier systems for seasonal influenza A (H3N2) vaccine based on Astragaloside VII and gum tragacanth (APS). Vaccine 37:3638–3645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.038
Yang SB, Qin YJ, Ma X, Luan WM, Sun P, Ju AQ, Duan AY, Zhang YN, Zhao DH (2021) Effects of in ovo Injection of Astragalus polysaccharide on the intestinal development and mucosal immunity in broiler chickens. Front Veterinary Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets2021738816
Ye N, Cruz J, Peng XY, Ma JY, Zhang AM, Cheng XD (2021) Remyelination is enhanced by Astragalus polysaccharides through inducing the differentiation of oligodendrocytes from neural stem cells in cuprizone model of demyelination. Brain Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147459
Yin JY, Chan BCL, Yu H, Lau IYK, Han XQ, Cheng SW, Wong CK, Lau CBS, Xie MY, Fung KP, Leung PC, Han QB (2012) Separation, structure characterization, conformation and immunomodulating effect of a hyperbranched heteroglycan from Radix Astragali. Carbohydr Polym 87:667–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.045
Yu ZM, Huang XH, Yan CQ, Gao J, Liang ZS (2016) Effect of Fuzheng Jiedu granule on immunological function and level of immune-related cytokines in immune-suppressed mice. J Integr Agric 15:650–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60971-0
Yu J, Ji HY, Liu AJ (2018) Alcohol-soluble polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus: preparation, characteristics and antitumor activity. Int J Biol Macromol 118:2057–2064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.073
Yu J, Dong XD, Jiao JS, Ji HY, Liu AJ (2021) Antitumor and immunoregulatory activities of a novel polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus on S180 tumor-bearing mice. Int J Biol Macromol 189:930–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.099
Zahran E, Risha E, Abdelhamid F, Mahgoub HA, Ibrahim T (2014) Effects of dietary Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on growth performance, immunological parameters, digestive enzymes, and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 38:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.002
Zhai QQ, Li J, Feng YY, Ge QQ (2019) Evaluation of combination effects of Astragalus polysaccharides and florfenicol against acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease-causing strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 86:374–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.065
Zhang W, Ma K (2020) Altered frequency of NK cells and treg cells by Astragalus polysaccharide combined with budesonide in asthma model mice. Advances in Polymer Technology 220:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1763245
Zhang PP, Meng ZT, Wang LC, Guo LM, Li K (2015) Astragalus polysaccharide promotes the release of mature granulocytes through the L-selectin signaling pathway. Chin Med 10:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-015-0043-z
Zhang PJ, Wang J, Wang WX, Liu XH, Liu HY, Li XT, Wu XH (2017) Astragalus polysaccharides enhance the immune response to avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccination in chickens. Microb Pathog 111:81–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.023
Zhang YM, Liu YQ, Liu DL, Zhang LY, Qin L, Zhang ZM, Su Y, Yan CL, Luo YL, Li JT, Xie XD, Guan QL (2019a) The effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and morphology induced by A549 lung cancer cells. Med Sci Monit 25:4110–4121. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.914219
Zhang ZX, Zhang L, Xu HS (2019b) Effect of Astragalus polysaccharide in treatment of diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. J Tradit Chin Med 39:133–138. https://doi.org/10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2019.01.017
Zhang WN, Zhang MX, Cheng AY, Hao ET, Huang XH, Chen XH (2020a) Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of Astragalus polysaccharide liposome in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Fish Shellfish Immunol 100:126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.004
Zhang YM, Zhang LY, Zhou H, Li YY, Wei KX, Li CH, Zhou T, Wang JF, Wei WJ, Hua JR, He Y, Hong T, Liu YQ (2020b) Astragalus polysaccharide inhibits radiation-induced bystander effects by regulating apoptosis in Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs). Cell Cycle 19:3195–3207. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2020.1838793
Zhang CH, Yang X, Wei JR, Chen NMH, Xu JP, Bi YQ, Yang M, Gong X, Li ZY, Ren K, Han QH, Zhang L, Li X, Ji MY, Wang CC, Li MH (2021) Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Applications of Radix Astragali. Chin J Integr Med 27:229–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-019-3032-8
Zhao LH, Ma ZX, Zhu J, Yu XH, Weng DP (2011) Characterization of polysaccharide from Astragalus radix as the macrophage stimulator. Cell Immunol 271:329–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.07.011
Zhao ED, Xu HB, Wang L, Kryczek I, Wu K, Hu Y, Wang GB, Zou WP (2012) Bone marrow and the control of immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 9:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2011.47
Zhao WX, Chen LJ, Cui N, Ji XM, Jiang HQ, Deng TT, Wang SJ (2019) Polysaccharides from radix astragali exert immunostimulatory effects to attenuate the dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency syndrome. Pharmacogn Mag 15:500–506. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_503_18
Zheng Y, Ren W, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu D, Liu Y (2020) A review of the pharmacological action of Astragalus polysaccharide. Front Pharmacol 11:349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00349
Zhou X, Xu Y, Yang G, Li F (2011) Increased galectin-1 expression in muscle of Astragalus polysaccharide-treated Type 1 diabetic mice. J Nat Med 65:500–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0527-9
Zhou L, Liu Z, Wang Z, Yu S, Long T, Zhou X, Bao Y (2017) Astragalus polysaccharides exerts immunomodulatory effects via TLR4-mediated MyD88-dependent signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44822
Zhou X, Liu Z, Long T, Zhou L, Bao Y (2018) Immunomodulatory effects of herbal formula of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) and polysaccharopeptide (PSP) in mice with lung cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 106:596–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.054
Zhou YM, Zong YH, Liu ZH, Zhao HH, Zhao XS, Wang J (2021) Astragalus polysaccharides enhance the immune response to OVA antigen in BALB/c mice. Biomed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9976079
Zhu N, Lv X, Wang Y, Li J, Liu Y, Lu W, Yang L, Zhao J, Wang F, Zhang LW (2016) Comparison of immunoregulatory effects of polysaccharides from three natural herbs and cellular uptake in dendritic cells. Int J Biol Macromol 93:940–951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.064
Zhu J, Zhang YY, Fan FH, Wu GY, Xiao Z, Zhou HQ (2018) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8-like-2 is involved in the activation of macrophages by Astragalus polysaccharides in vitro. Mol Med Rep 17:7428–7434. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8730
Zhu WT, Zhang YQ, Zhang JC, Yuan GL, Liu XL, Ai TS, Su JG (2019) Astragalus polysaccharides, chitosan and poly(I:C) obviously enhance inactivated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine potency in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Fish Shellfish Immunol 87:379–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.033
Zhuge ZY, Dong YP, Li LA, Jin TM (2017) Effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on the adhesion-related immune response of endothelial cells stimulated with CSFV in vitro. PeerJ 5:e3862–e3862. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3862
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Grant No. 2018QN019).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest to declare.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Chun-xiao Li, Ying Liu and Yu-zhen Zhang contributed equally to this study and should be regarded as co-first authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Cx., Liu, Y., Zhang, Yz. et al. Astragalus polysaccharide: a review of its immunomodulatory effect. Arch. Pharm. Res. 45, 367–389 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-022-01393-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-022-01393-3