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A Long-Term Study of Spawning Activity in a Florida Gulf Coast Population of Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus)

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Abstract

Populations of the American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) differ in broad areas of their biology. We observed a non-harvested, marked Florida Gulf coast population during their spring spawning (March–May) in 11 years across a 17-year period (1992–2009). Long-term changes occurred in the number of spawning pairs: the population was stable from 1992 to 2000 but increased markedly after 2000. Short-term variation in numbers of spawning pairs, unpaired females, unpaired males, and operational sex ratios was explained by changes over the season and during each week of spring tides and by differences in actual (not predicted) maximum high tide height. Wind direction strongly affected tidal inundation and the number of spawning horseshoe crabs. Tagging individuals revealed that females returned to the nesting beach less often than males and most females were re-sighted only within 1 week of spring tides. No animals were seen across more than 6 years. Implications for management are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the many hardworking, interesting, and capable individuals who assisted us with the field work during this study: David Alden, Lori Arkin, Kim Barbeitos, Blaine Biedermann, Gerry Binczik, Eric Botsford, Ron Clouse, Rebecca Ditgen, Salomé Dussan, Ginny Eckert, Nate Eliazar, Edward Espinoza, Maria Fullana-Jornet, Melvin Gramke, Billy Gunnels, Mary Hart, Cynthia Hassler, Ric Herren, Chris Hess, Carlos Iudica, Lindsay Keegan, Elizabeth King, Sarah Kromrey, Patrick McKann, Michael Milleson, Nancy Montes, Peter Murch, Kym Mytila, Sandra Nechemias, Lauren Riegler, Mariantu Robles, Andrew Rothfusz, Dan Sasson, Katie Saunders, Hunter Schrank, Rachel Schwab, Ginger Shepherd, Christian Solaré, Tom Sentner, Matt Smith, Sedonia Steininger, David Strinholder, Daniel Turbot, Natalie Williams, and Susan Wineriter. The UF Marine Lab at Seahorse Key and its directors Frank Maturo and Harvey Lillywhite and staff, Henry Coulter and Al Dinsmore, provided extensive logistic support. This study was conducted under annual permits from the Lower Suwannee River National Wildlife Refuge and its managers Ken Litzenberger and John Kasbahn who also provided assistance. The project was supported by the National Science Foundation, the University of Florida, Division of Sponsored Research, and the Florida Foundation. We thank Melissa Clark (University of Florida) and Robbie McPhee (University of Otago) for drawing Fig. 1.

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  1. Sheri L. Johnson

    Present address: Centre for Reproduction and Genomics, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand

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  1. Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 11-8525, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8525, USA

    H. Jane Brockmann & Sheri L. Johnson

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Brockmann, H.J., Johnson, S.L. A Long-Term Study of Spawning Activity in a Florida Gulf Coast Population of Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus). Estuaries and Coasts 34, 1049–1067 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9419-1

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