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Plant-Knowledge Adaptation in an Urban Setting: Candomblé Ethnobotany in New York City

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Abstract

Candomblé is an African-Brazilian religion that resulted from the adaptation of West African (especially Yoruba) beliefs in Brazil during and after the slave trade. This study seeks to understand the current evolution of Candomblé ethnobotanical knowledge as it travels from Brazil to New York City (NYC), therefore going through a second adaptation process. We identified which Brazilian plant species are still in use, which are being incorporated and/or replaced, and what factors are contributing to the ethnobotanical adaptation that is taking place in NYC. To accomplish this, we compiled an inventory of liturgical plants used by five highly skilled Candomblé practitioners living in NYC and then compared the vernacular and binomial Latin names of these plants to inventories previously published in Brazil by other authors. By doing this, we were able to distinguish patterns of knowledge continuity, assimilation, or substitution. Nearly two-thirds of the species identified in NYC’s inventory were cases of knowledge continuity, where most plants were used by at least four practitioners. Many of these frequently used species have survived the adaptation process from Africa to Brazil, and now from Brazil to NYC. Practitioners also assimilated (20%) and substituted (16%) some species. The assimilation process was mainly influenced by Santería, another Yoruba-derived religion widely practiced in NYC. Substitutions, however, were driven by two distinct forces. In one cohort (7%), species were morphologically and organoleptically similar to the original material, and replacements were mostly influenced by the easy accessibility of botanical materials. The other cohort (9%) was marked by a logical substitution process based on Yoruba rules of plant classification. Our results show that Candomblé practitioners in NYC are maintaining a notable level of cultural continuity, while cautiously assimilating new species and consciously or subconsciously replacing others. Although both accessibility of plant material and cultural forces play a role in the adaptation mechanism, the latter appears to be the most relevant to these highly skilled practitioners.

Sumário

O Candomblé é uma religião Afro-Brasileira resultante da adaptação dos costumes religiosos da África Ocidental, especialmente Iorubá, no Brasil. Este estudo busca compreender a evolução do uso de plantas no Candomblé, na medida em que esta religião passa por um segundo processo de adaptação ao se deslocar do Brasil para Nova Iorque. Nosso principal objetivo foi identificar quais os tipos de plantas estão sobrevivendo a este processo de imigração e quais estão sendo assimiladas ou substituídas. Este trabalho também investigou quais fatores contribuem para a adaptação do conhecimento etnobotânico depois do processo de migração. Para isso, montamos um inventário de plantas litúrgicas usadas por cinco praticantes altamente capacitados no uso de plantas, os quais foram iniciados no Candomblé no Brasil e moram na cidade de Nova Iorque. A análise comparativa dos nomes binomial em latim destas plantas com aqueles previamente compilados por outros autores no Brasil, nos permitiu estabelecer quais espécies coletadas em Nova Iorque são casos de manutenção de conhecimento, assimilação ou substituição. Cerca de dois-terços das espécies identificadas constituem casos de continuidade, sendo que a maioria foram usadas pelo menos por quatro praticantes. Muitas destas plantas sobreviveram o processo de adaptação da África para o Brasil e agora do Brasil para Nova Iorque. Nossos resultados também mostram que 20% do inventário constituem casos de assimilação, onde a maioria das plantas são oriundas da Santería. Já o processo de substituição (16%) apresentou dois padrões distintos. Em uma coorte (7%), as espécies mostraram-se altamente semelhantes às espécies originais, sendo este processo de substituição influenciados pela fácil acessibilidade ao material botânico. No entanto, a outra coorte (9%) foi marcada por substituições de espécies visualmente diferente dos originais, seguindo processo lógico baseado na regra Iorubana de classificação de plantas. Nossos resultados mostram que embora praticantes estejam mantendo um nível significativo de integridade cultural, eles também estão cautelosamente assimilando e substituindo outras espécies novas. Embora tanto acessibilidade e forças culturais desempenharam papeis importantes neste processo adaptativo, o último parece ser mais relevante neste estudo.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all Pais, Mães, Filhos, and Filhas-de-Santo for their collaboration, as well as to the staff of botánicas, West African, Brazilian, and other stores we visited. We would also like to extend a special thanks to Maria Thereza L. A. Camargo, C. Daniel Dawson, Katherine H. Herrera, Hinda Obstfeld, Kristen Porter-Utley, and Ina Vandebroek for their invaluable contribution to this work; to Robert A. Voeks for his helpful comments on this manuscript; to Michael Nee and Robbin Moran for helping with plant identification; and to the Brazilian Consulate in New York, especially Janlou de Amicis and Victor Loureiro. Also, many thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their detailed analyses and suggestions to improve the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Fabiana N. Fonseca.

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Appendix 1

Candomblé vernacular names comparison, geographic places of origins, plant-usage, part used, sourcing venues, and adaptation scenario for scientific species compiled in NYC. Voucher numbers were described after Family names; [numbers between bars correspond to the number of practitioners that used that species; i.e., plant-usage]. Notes: + Languages: (P) Portuguese, (S) Spanish, (E) English, (PY) Portuguese-Yoruba, (SY) Spanish-Yoruba; na: not available. (DOCX 55.8 kb)

Appendix 2

Comparative analysis of Santería and Candomblé names. Voucher numbers described after Family names. Notes: + Languages: (P) Portuguese, (S) Spanish, (E) English, (PY) Portuguese-Yoruba, (SY) Spanish-Yoruba; na: not available; nf: not found. * Scientific names found in Santería’s inventories for vernacular names collected in NYC. (DOCX 45.2 kb)

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Fonseca, F.N., Balick, M.J. Plant-Knowledge Adaptation in an Urban Setting: Candomblé Ethnobotany in New York City. Econ Bot 72, 56–70 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-018-9405-7

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