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Delayed Tillage and Cover Crop Effects in Potato Systems

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Abstract

Delayed tillage and the inclusion of cover crops can substantially reduce erosion in intensively tilled potato systems. Both of these practices can potentially impact potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield and quality via changes in soil temperature and soil water status, and suppression or enhancement of soil-borne diseases. Research was conducted over six rotation cycles at two Maine locations to evaluate the effects of timing of primary tillage (fall vs. spring) and cover crop [none, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), or winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)] on grain yield, ground cover, and tuber yield and quality within the context of 2-year barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)]–potato rotations. Delaying primary tillage until spring, immediately before planting potato, resulted in higher soil water content early in the growing season (before or immediately after planting) in some rotation cycles, and also provided nearly complete ground cover during potentially erosive periods in fall and early spring. The inclusion of clover or ryegrass cover crops had small, positive effects on the proportion of the soil surface covered by crop residue (determined by the line intercept method) in both tillage systems. A significant tillage effect on total tuber yield was seen in only one rotation cycle, when delaying tillage until spring reduced yield by about 12%. Cover crop treatments had no effect on total tuber yield, and neither tillage or cover crop affected the proportion of marketable tubers. Tillage did not affect black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) and common scab [Streptomyces scabiei (Thaxter) Lambert & Loria], which were significantly reduced by red clover in some rotation cycles. This research shows that conservation practices can be implemented, including delaying primary tillage until spring and including underseeded cover crops during the grain phase of the rotation, while maintaining potato yield.

Resumen

La labranza tardía y la inclusión de cultivos de cobertura pueden reducir sustancialmente la erosión en sistemas de labranza intensiva. Ambas prácticas pueden potencialmente afectar el rendimiento y calidad de la papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) por medio de cambios en la temperatura y estado hídrico del suelo, y supresión o intensificación de enfermedades trasmitidas por el suelo. Se realizó la investigación en dos localidades de Maine durante seis ciclos de rotación para evaluar el momento (otoño vs. primavera) de la labranza principal y cultivos de cobertura [(ninguno, trébol rojo (Trifolium pratense L.), ballico (Lolium perenne L.) o colza de invierno (Brassica napus L.)] sobre el rendimiento de granos, cobertura, y rendimiento de tubérculos y calidad en el contexto de dos años de rotación de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.)–papa. El retrasar la labranza principal hasta la primavera, inmediatamente antes de sembrar papa, dio como resultado un contenido más alto de agua al inicio de la temporada de cultivo (antes o inmediatamente después de la siembra) en ciertos ciclos de rotación, y también proporcionó una cobertura casi completa durante los periodos potencialmente erosivos en el otoño e inicios de primavera. La inclusión de cultivos de trébol y ballico tuvo pequeños efectos positivos en la proporción de suelo cubierto por residuos del cultivo (determinado por el método de línea intercepto) en ambos sistemas de labranza. Se observó un efecto significativo de la labranza sobre el rendimiento total de tubérculos en un ciclo de rotación solamente, cuando el retraso de la labranza hasta la primavera redujo el rendimiento en casi 12%. Los tratamientos con cultivos de cobertura no tuvieron efecto sobre el rendimiento total de tubérculos, tampoco la labranza o cultivos de cobertura afectaron la proporción de tubérculos comerciables. La labranza no afectó la costra negra (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) ni a la sarna común [Streptomyces scabies (Thaxter) Lambert & Loria], los cuales fueron reducidos significativamente por el trébol rojo en algunos ciclos de rotación. Esta investigación muestra que se pueden implementar las prácticas de conservación, incluyendo el retraso de la labranza principal hasta la primavera, siembra de cultivos de cobertura intercalados durante la fase de formación de grano del cultivo, mientras se mantiene el rendimiento de papa.

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Correspondence to Timothy S. Griffin.

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Griffin, T.S., Larkin, R.P. & Honeycutt, C.W. Delayed Tillage and Cover Crop Effects in Potato Systems. Am. J. Pot Res 86, 79–87 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-008-9050-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-008-9050-2

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