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Tropical and Temperate: Evolutionary History of Páramo Flora

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Abstract

Biogeography of the tropical alpine flora of South and Central America, the páramo flora, has been studied by dividing genera into tropical, temperate, and cosmopolitan chorological flora elements. Published molecular phylogenies of páramo genera are reviewed to summarize knowledge about evolutionary history of the páramo flora and to assess congruence between chorological and phylogenetic approaches. Molecular phylogenies suggest that both the tropical and temperate regions have been important source areas for evolution of the páramo flora. Conclusions derived from chorological patterns regarding origin of genera in páramo are mostly supported by phylogenetic data. Nevertheless, in Chuquiraga, Halenia, Huperzia, and Perezia the chorological scenario is rejected, and in Chusquea-Neurolepis, Elaphoglossum, Gunnera, Halenia, Jamesonia-Eriosorus, and Lasiocephalus independent colonization events from one or several source areas are suggested. Tropical and temperate genera contributed equally to modern species richness of the páramo flora. Among temperate genera, the northern hemisphere genera gave rise to more species in páramo than did genera from the southern hemisphere. So far, no unequivocal evidence has been provided for migration of páramo genera to the temperate zones.

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Acknowledgments

Work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project no. 206/07/0273), Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (project no. KJB601110710), and partly by Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (project no. MŠMT 0021620828). The University of Aarhus supported Petr Sklenář’s research visit during which an early draft of the manuscript was prepared (Grant no. 220945-0057 to H. Balslev). Jim Luteyn and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for valuable comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript, Jim Luteyn also kindly revised the English.

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  1. Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague, Czech Republic

    Petr Sklenář & Eva Dušková

  2. Department of Biology, University of Aarhus, Build. 1540, Ny Munkegade, 8000, Aarhus C., Denmark

    Henrik Balslev

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  1. Petr Sklenář
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Correspondence to Petr Sklenář.

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Sklenář, P., Dušková, E. & Balslev, H. Tropical and Temperate: Evolutionary History of Páramo Flora. Bot. Rev. 77, 71–108 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-010-9061-9

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