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Studies of Mycorrhizal Fungi of Chinese Orchids and Their Role in Orchid Conservation in China—A Review

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Abstract

China has over 1,200 species of native orchids in nearly 173 genera. About one fourth of native species are of horticultural merit. Some species are of Chinese medicinal value. In fact, the demand on orchid species with high Chinese medicinal values such as Gastrodia elata, Dendrobium offcinale, along with demands on species of cultural importance, such as those in the genus of Cymbidium, is a major factor causing wild populations to diminish and in some cases, drive wild populations to the brink of extinction. These market demands have also driven studies on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in orchid seed germination, seedling and adult growth, and reproduction. Most of these mycorrhizal studies of Chinese orchids, however, are published in Chinese, some in medical journals, and thus overlooked by the mainstream orchid mycorrhizal publications. Yet some of these studies contained interesting discoveries on the nature of the mycorrhizal relationships between orchids and fungi. We present a review of some of these neglected publications. The most important discovery comes from the mycorrhizal studies on G. elata, in which the researchers concluded that those fungi species required to stimulate seed germination are different from those that facilitate the growth of G. elata beyond seedling stages. In addition, presence of the mycorrhizal fungi associated with vegetative growth of post-seedling G. elata hindered the germination of seeds. These phenomena were unreported prior to these studies. Furthermore, orchid mycorrhizal studies in China differ from the mainstream orchid studies in that many epiphytic species (in the genus of Dendrobium, as medicinal herbs) were investigated as well as terrestrial orchids (mostly in the genus Cymbidium, as traditional horticultural species). The different responses between epiphytic and terrestrial orchid seeds to fungi derived from roots suggest that epiphytic orchids may have a more general mycorrhizal relationship with fungi than do terrestrial orchid species during the seed germination stage. To date, orchid mycorrhizal research in China has had a strongly commercial purpose. We suggest that this continuing research on orchid mycorrhizal relationships are a solid foundation for further research that includes more rare and endangered taxa, and more in-situ studies to assist conservation and restoration of the endangered orchids. Knowledge on the identities and roles of mycorrhizal fungi of orchids holds one of the keys to successful restoration and sustainable use of Chinese orchids.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Guangxi People’s Government and The Guangxi Forestry Bureau to sponsor the Guangxi International Orchid Symposium, which stimulated this review. This work was also supported by National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Support Programs funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China (No. 2008BAC39B05), and the Guangxi Science and Technology Bureau (Chairman's Foundation grant # 09203-04). Drs. Kingsley Dixon, Hanne N. Rasmussen and Jack Fisher kindly provided critical reviews on earlier drafts of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Protection, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China

    Hongxia Liu

  2. State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China

    Yibo Luo

  3. Department of Earth and Environment, ECS 343, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

    Hong Liu

  4. Center for Tropical Plant Conservation, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami, FL, USA

    Hong Liu

  5. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

    Hong Liu

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  1. Hongxia Liu
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  2. Yibo Luo
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  3. Hong Liu
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Correspondence to Hong Liu.

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Liu, H., Luo, Y. & Liu, H. Studies of Mycorrhizal Fungi of Chinese Orchids and Their Role in Orchid Conservation in China—A Review. Bot. Rev. 76, 241–262 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-010-9045-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-010-9045-9

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