Abstract
The Cyperaceae are well known for having a large amount of variation in chromosome numbers both within and among genera. Most of this variation has been previously attributed to agmatoploid or qualitative aneuploid chromosome number change. To date there have been 4,231 reported chromosome number counts in the family. Despite the large number of counts made, they only represent approximately 16% of the species currently recognized. These counts are here presented in an indexed list with standardized nomenclature following a draft copy of the World Checklist of Cyperaceae. Additionally, I explore variation within genera where a significant number of counts have been made. Given the distributions of counts within genera there is evidence for both agmatoploid and polyploid chromosome number changes.
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Acknowledgements
Thanks go to Heidi (Worthington) Schmuck for help with data entry, Elena V. Voznesenskaya for help with a Russian translation, and Wayt Thomas and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on previous versions of the manuscript.
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Appendix I
Appendix I
The original publication name for the noted chromosome count. Where an epithet and/or authority has been presented in the literature, but what it is referring to is questionable, that portion of the name is placed in quotation marks.
1. Scirpus grossus L.f.
2. Scirpus planifolius Grimm
3. Scirpus compressus (L.) Pers.
4. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A.Gray
5. Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla ssp. fluviatilis (Torr.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
6. Scirpus maritimus L.
7. Bolboschoenus compactus Drobow
8. Scirpus tuberosus Desf.
9. Bolboschoenus koshevnikovi (Litv.) A.E.Kozhevn.
10. Scirpus maritimus L. var. paludosus (A.Nelson) T.Koyama
11. Scirpus planiculmis F.Schmidt
12. Fimbristylis barbata (Rottb.) Bentham
13. Fimbristylis cioniana Savi
14. Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B.Clarke var. trifida C.B.Clarke
15. Bulbostylis pubescens (J.Presl & C.Presl) Svenson
16. Carex gracilis Curtis
17. Carex artitecta Mack.
18. Carex emmonsii Dewey ex Torr.
19. Carex doniana Spreng.
20. Carex stans Drejer
21. Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. ssp. stans (Drejer) Hultén
22. Carex canescens L. ssp. arctiformis (Mack.) Calder & Roy L.Taylor
23. Carex foenea Willd. (misapplied)
24. Carex incomperta E.P.Bicknell
25. Carex howei Mack.
26. Carex leporina L. ssp. atlasica H.Lindb.
27. Carex aterrima Hoppe
28. Carex perfusca Krecz.
29. Carex caucasica Steven
30. Carex atrata L. ssp. atratiformis (Britton) Kük.
31. Carex atrata L. ssp. atratiformis (Britton) Kük. “var. raymondii (Calder)”
32. Carex coriophora Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Kunth
33. Carex atrofusca Schkuhr var. minor Boott
34. Carex rigida Gooden.
35. Carex ensifolia Turcz. ex V.I.Krecz. ssp. arctisibirica Jurtzev
36. Carex ensifolia Turcz. ex V.I.Krecz.
37. Carex lugens Holm
38. Carex capillaris L. ssp. robustior (Lange) Bocher
39. Carex cyperoides Murray
40. Carex leucochlora Bunge
41. Carex nipposinica Ohwi
42. Carex nakiri Ohwi
43. Carex curta Gooden.
44. Carex cinerea Pollich
45. Carex chlorostachys Steven
46. Carex capillaris L. ssp. chlorostachys (Steven) Á.Löve, D.Löve & Raymond
47. Carex fuscidula V.I.Krecz. ex E.M.Egorova
48. Carex C. arctogena H.Sm.
49. Carex capitata L. ssp. arctogena (H. Sm.) Bocher
50. Carex caryophyllea Latourr. x C. depressa Link ssp. basilaris (Jord.) Kerguélen
51. Carex ligerica J.Gay
52. Carex lamprophysa Sam.
53. Carex otrubae Podp.
54. Carex flexuosa Muhl.
55. Carex debilis Michx. ssp. rudgei (L.H.Bailey) Á.Löve & D.Löve var. strictior L.H.Bailey
56. Carex debilis Michx. ssp. rudgei (L.H.Bailey) Á.Löve & D.Löve
57. Carex depressa Link ssp. basilaris (Jord.) Kerguélen
58. Carex transsilvanica Schur
59. Carex teretiuscula Gooden.
60. Carex ornithopoda Willd. ssp. bulgarica (Vel.) Stoeva & E.D.Popova
61. Carex digitata L. var. pallens Fristedt
62. Carex fissirostris Ball
63. Carex leersii F.W.Schultz
64. Carex polyphylla Kar. & Kit.
65. Carex multifolia Ohwi
66. Carex angustior Mack.
67. Carex cephalantha (L.H.Bailey) E.P.Bicknell
68. Carex stellulata Gooden.
69. Carex phyllomanica Boott
70. Carex cephalantha (L.H.Bailey) E.P.Bicknell x C. exilis Dewey
71. Carex hudsonii A.Benn.
72. Carex stricta Lam.
73. Carex ericetorum Pollich var. approximata (All.) K.Richt.
74. Carex approximata All.
75. Carex australpina Bech.
76. Carex ferruginea Scop. ssp. tendae W.Dietr.
77. Carex glaucina Boeckeler
78. Carex tomentosa L.
79. Carex glauca Scop.
80. Carex cuspidata Host
81. Carex flacca Schreb. ssp. serratula (Biv. ex Spreng.) Greuter
82. Carex flavella Krecz.
83. Carex flava L. var. gaspensis Fernald
84. Carex nevadensis Boiss. & Reut.
85. Carex flava L. var. alpina Kneuck.
86. Carex lepidocarpa L. ssp. scotica E.W.Davies
87. Carex flava L. x C. lepidocarpa Tausch
88. Carex flava L. x C. serotina Merat
89. Carex flava L. x C. kotilainii Palmgr.
90. Carex aenea Fernald
91. Carex muricata L. var. foliosa (D.Don ex Tilloch & Taylor) C.B.Clarke
92. Carex misandra R.Br.
93. Carex fuliginosa Schkuhr ssp. misandra (R.Br.) W.Dietr.
94. Carex crinita Lam. var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr.
95. Carex ligulata Nees
96. Carex hornschuchiana Hoppe
97. Carex fulvescens Mack.
98. Carex houghtonii Torr.
99. Carex pensylvanica Lam. ssp. heliophila (Mack.) W.A.Weber
100. Carex macroglossa Franch. & Sav.
101. Carex parciflora Boott
102. Carex capillaris L. var. porsildiana Polunin
103. Carex lagopina Wahlenb.
104. Carex tripartita All.
105. Carex furva Webb
106. Carex helodes Link
107. Carex lanuginosa Michx.
108. Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. ssp. americana (Fernald) D.Löve & Bernard
109. Carex copulata (L.H.Bailey) Mack.
110. Carex plantaginea Lam.
111. Carex gracilescens Steud.
112. Carex kelloggii S.Watson
113. Carex kelloggii S.Watson x C. spectabilis Dewey
114. Carex deweyana Schwein. ssp. leptopoda (Mack.) Calder & Roy L.Taylor
115. Carex pachystachya Cham. ex Steud.
116. Carex subfusca Boott
117. Carex paupercula Michx.
118. Carex glareosa Wahlenb. ssp. marina (Dewey) á.Löve & D.Löve
119. Carex amblyorhyncha V.I.Krecz.
120. Carex incurva Lightf.
121. Carex norvegica Retz. ssp. inferalpina (Wahlenb.) Hultén
122. Carex michauxiana Boeckeler var. asiatica Ohwi
123. Carex dolichocarpa C.A.Mey. & V.I.Krecz.
124. Carex nesophila Holm
125. Carex festivella Mack.
126. Carex macloviana d’Urv. ssp. festivella (Mack.) á.Löve & D.Löve
127. Carex limnophila F.J.Herm.
128. Carex temnolepis Franch.
129. Carex nardina Fr. var. atriceps Kük.
130. Carex nardina Fr. ssp. hepburnii (Boott) á.Löve, D.Löve & B.M.Kapoor
131. Carex hepburnii Boott
132. Carex vulgaris Fr.
133. Carex goodenoughii J.Gay
134. Carex fusca All.
135. Carex fusca All. ssp. intricata (Tineo) Maire & Wieller
136. Carex juncella (Fr.) Fr.
137. Carex wiluica Meinsh.
138. Carex pseudolongerostrata Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang
139. Carex alpina Swartz ex Wahlenb.
140. Carex halleri Gunnerus
141. Carex norvegica Retz. ssp. inserrulata Kalela
142. Carex confertiflora Boott
143. Carex bicknellii F.J.Herm. var. opaca F.J.Herm.
144. Carex ornithopoda Willd. “var. elongata (Leyb.) A. & G.”
145. Carex ornithopodioides Hausm.
146. Carex leporina L.
147. Carex argyroglochin Hornem.
148. Carex tracyi Mack.
149. Carex muricata L. ssp. lamprocarpa Celak.
150. Carex calderae A.Hans.
151. Carex redowskiana C.A.Mey.
152. Carex pirinensis Acht.
153. Carex macroura Meinsh.
154. Carex cuprea (Kük.) Nelm.
155. Carex preussii K.Schum.
156. Carex macrogyna Turcz. ex Steud.
157. Carex misandroides Fernald
158. Carex bergrothii Palmgr.
159. Carex maximowiczii Miq.
160. Carex lainzii Luceño, E.Rico & T.Romero
161. Carex algida Turcz. ex V.I.Krecz.
162. Carex halophila Nyl.
163. Carex rochebrunii Franch. & Sav.
164. Carex elata All. ssp. reuteriana (Boiss.) Luceño & Aedo
165. Carex elata All. ssp. tartessiana Luceño & Aedo
166. Carex convoluta Mack.
167. Carex runssoroensis K.Schum. var. aberdarensis Kük.
168. Carex alterniflora Franch.
169. Carex fernaldiana H.Lév. & Vantiot
170. Carex sikokiana Franch. & Sav.
171. Carex nikoensis Franch. & Sav.
172. Carex miliaris Michx.
173. Carex physocarpa C.Presl
174. Carex saxatilis L. ssp. laxa (Trautv.) Kalela
175. Carex scirpoidea Michx. ssp. stenochlaena (T.Holm) á.Löve & D.Löve
176. Carex sempervirens Vill. var. pseudotristis Domin
177. Carex granitica Br.-Bl.
178. Carex sempervirens Vill. ssp. tatrorum (Zapal.) Pawl.
179. Carex sempervirens Vill. ssp. granitica (Braun-Blanq.) Vicioso
180. Carex sempervirens Vill. ssp. pseudotristis (Domin) Pawl.
181. Carex ciliatomarginata Nakia
182. Carex uber Ohwi
183. Carex amurensis Kük.
184. Carex tolmiei Boott
185. Carex contigua Hoppe
186. Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. ssp. spaniocarpa (Steud.) Hultén
187. Carex spaniocarpa Steud.
188. Carex pocilliformis Boott
189. Carex abdita E.P.Bicknell
190. Carex sabynensis Less. ex Kunth
191. Carex laevirostris Blytt
192. Carex sparsiflora (Wahlenb.) Steud.
193. Carex falcata Turcz.
194. Carex oederi Retz. ex Ehrh.
195. Carex chlorophila Mack.
196. Carex scandinavica E.W.Davies
197. Carex serotina Merat
198. Carex serotina Merat f. cyperoides (M.Marsson) Soó
199. Carex oederi Retz. ex Ehrh. ssp. viridula (Michx.) Hultén
200. Carex kotilaini Palmgr.
201. Carex viridula Michx. var. pulchella (Lonnr.) B.Schmid
202. Carex lepidocarpa Tausch
203. Carex jemtlandica (Palmgr.) Palmgr.
204. Carex demissa Hornem.
205. Carex tumidicarpa Andersson
206. Carex lepidocarpa Tausch x C. tumidicarpa Andersson
207. Carex tumidicarpa Andersson x C. flava L.
208. Carex nemorosa Rebent.
209. Carex wahuensis C.A.Mey. var. meyeri Franch. & Sav.
210. Carex wahuensis C.A.Mey. var. rubiginosa R.W.Krauss
211. Carex novograblenovii Kom.
212. Courtoisia cyperoides (Roxb.) Nees
213. Cyperus pseudokyllingioides Kük.
214. Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb.
215. Cyperus corymbosus Rottb.
216. Cyperus babakensis Steud. ex Miq.
217. Cyperus kalli (Forssk.) Murb.
218. Cyperus monocephalus Roxb.
219. Mariscus compactus (Retz.) Bold.
220. Cyperus cyperinus (Retz.) Suringar var. pictus (Nees) Kük.
221. Cyperus cyperinus (Retz.) Suringar var. laxatus (C.B.Clarke) Kük.
222. Mariscus dubius (Rottb.) Kük. ex C.E.C.Fisch.
223. Cyperus vegetus Willd.
224. Juncellus laevigatus (L.) C.B.Clarke
225. Cyperus distachyos All.
226. Cyperus pygmaeus Rottb.
227. Mariscus microcephalus (R.Br.) J.Presl & C.Presl
228. Cyperus iria L. var. parviflorus (Nees) Miq.
229. Cyperus eleusinoides Kunth
230. Mariscus umbilensis (Kuntze) C.B.Clarke ex W.Watson
231. Mariscus paniceus (Rottb.) Vahl
232. Acorellus pannonicus (Jacq.) Palla
233. Cyperus inundatus Roxb.
234. Cyperus aristatus Rottb.
235. Mariscus squarrosus (L.) C.B.Clarke
236. Eleocharis nervata Svenson
237. Eleocharis fistulosa Link
238. Eleocharis mamillata (H.Lindb.) H.Lindb. ssp. austriaca (Hayek) Strandh.
239. Eleocharis parvula (Roem. & Schult.) Palla var. anachaeta (Torr.) Svenson
240. Eleocharis plantaginoides (Rothb.) Domin
241. Eleocharis equisetina C.Presl
242. Eleocharis plantaginea (Retz.) Roem. & Schult.
243. Eleocharis calva Torr.
244. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. f. olivacea
245. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. f. reductiseta A.E.Schuyler & W.R.Ferren
246. Eleocharis capitata (L.) R.Br.
247. Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) S.T.Blake
248. Eleocharis perlonga Fernald & Brackett
249. Eleocharis xyridiformis Fernald & Brackett
250. Eleocharis arenicola Torr.
251. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. var. ellipsoidalis Fernald ex Svenson
252. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. var. peasei Svenson
253. Eleocharis intersita Zinserl.
254. Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. ssp. microcarpa Walters
255. Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. var. lindbergii Strandh.
256. Eleocharis smallii Britton
257. Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth var. parishii (Britton) V.Grant
258. Eleocharis afflata Steud.
259. Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link
260. Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf.
261. Eleocharis fernaldii (Svenson) á.Löve
262. Eleocharis chaetaria Roem. & Schult.
263. Eleocharis yunquensis Britton
264. Eleocharis elliptica Kunth var. pseudoptera (Weath. ex Svenson) Harms
265. Eleocharis verrucosa (Svenson) Harms
266. Eleocharis halophila (Fernald & Brackett) Fernald & Brackett ex Fernald
267. Eleocharis mamillata (H.Lindb.) H.Lindb. var. cyclocarpa Kitagawa
268. Eleocharis valleculosa Ohwi f. setosa (Ohwi) Kitagawa
269. Eriophorum polystachion L.
270. Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. subarcticum (V.N.Vassil.) Hultén
271. Eriophorum komarovii V.N.Vassil.
272. Eriophorum triste (Fr.) Hadac & á.Löve
273. Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. scabriusculum Hultén
274. Eriophorum russeolum Fr. ex Hartm.
275. Eriophorum russeolum Fr. ex Hartm. ssp. refescens (Andersson) Hyl.
276. Eriophorum vaginatum L. ssp. fauriei (E.C.Camus) á.Löve & D.Löve
277. Eriophorum vaginatum L. ssp. spissum (Fernald) Hultén
278. Fimbristylis setacea Benth.
279. Fimbristylis cyperoides R.Br.
280. Fimbristylis spathacea Roth
281. Kyllinga triceps Rottb.
282. Cyperus triceps Endl.
283. Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br. ssp. spathacea (Roth) T.Koyama
284. Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl
285. Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roem. & Schult.
286. Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl var. annua Roem. & Schult.
287. Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl var. pluristriata C.B.Clarke
288. Fimbristylis podocarpa Nees
289. Fimbristylis tomentosa Vahl
290. Fimbristylis pluristriata (C.B.Clarke) Berhaut
291. Fimbristylis verrucifera (Maxim.) Makino
292. Fimbristylis junciformis (Retz.) Kunth
293. Abildgaardia mexicana (Palla) Kral
294. Fimbristylis quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth
295. Fimbristylis monostachya (L.) Hassk.
296. Abildgaardia ovata (Burm.f.) Kral
297. Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.) Vahl
298. Fimbristylis pallidula Kral
299. Fimbristylis subbispicata Nees
300. Fimbristylis globulosa (Retz.) Kunth
301. Scirpus aucklandicus (Hook.f.) Boeckeler
302. Scirpus cernuus Vahl
303. Scirpus fluitans L.
304. Eleogiton fluitans (L.) Link
305. Scirpus setaceus L.
306. Elyna myosuroides (Vill.) Fritsch
307. Kobresia bellardii (All.) Degl. ex Loisel.
308. Elyna bellardii (All.) C.Koch
309. Kobresia hyperborea A.E.Porsild
310. Carex bipartita All.
311. Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
312. Kyllinga pumila Michx.
313. Kyllinga monocephala Rottb.
314. Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
315. Kyllinga cylindrica Nees
316. Cyperus sesquiflorus (Torr.) Kük. ssp. cylindricus (Nees) T.Koyama
317. Kyllinga erecta Schumach. var. polyphylla (Willd. ex Kunth) Hooper
318. Cyperus metzii (Hochst. ex Steud.) Mattf. & Kük.
319. Kyllinga peruviana Lam.
320. Scirpus kyllingioides (A.Rich.) Boeckeler
321. Lipocarpha argentea (Vahl) R.Br.
322. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Britton var. drummondii (Nees) Friedl.
323. Scirpus isolepis (Nees) Boeckeler
324. Scirpus squarrosus L.
325. Rikliella squarrosa (L.) J.Raynal
326. Cladium angustifolius (Gaudich.) Drake
327. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr.
328. Cyperus rivularis Kunth
329. Cyperus diaphanus Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult.
330. Cyperus flavescens L.
331. Pycreus globosus Reichb.
332. Cyperus globosus All.
333. Cyperus flavidus Retz.
334. Pycreus capillaris (J.Koenig ex Roxb.) Nees ex C.B.Clarke
335. Cyperus decumbens Govind.
336. Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. var. ferrugineus Boeckeler
337. Cyperus latovaginata Govind.
338. Cyperus plumbeonucea Govind.
339. Cyperus polystachyos Rottb.
340. Pycreus odoratus Urb.
341. Cyperus pumilus L.
342. Pycreus nitens (Retz.) Nees
343. Cyperus sanguinolentus Vahl
344. Cyperus stramineus Nees
345. Cyperus substramineus Kük.
346. Rhynchospora spiciformis Hillebr.
347. Dichromena colorata (L.) C.L.Hitchc.
348. Rhynchospora speciosa (Kunth) Boeckeler
349. Rhynchospora rigida (Kunth) Boeckeler
350. Dichromena ciliata Vahl
351. Rhynchospora ciliata (Vahl) Kük.
352. Rhynchospora brownii Roem. & Schult. ssp. americana Guagl.
353. Rhynchospora emaciata (Nees) Boeckeler
354. Scirpus acutus Muhl. ex Bigelow
355. Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla ssp. acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) á.Löve & D.Löve
356. Scirpus americanus Pers.
357. Scirpus americanus Pers. x Scirpus pungens Vahl
358. Scirpus articulatus L.
359. Scirpus californicus (C.A.Mey.) Steud. ssp. californicus
360. Scirpus californicus (C.A.Mey.) Steud. ssp. tatora (Kunth) T.Koyama
361. Scirpus deltarum Schuyler
362. Scirpus erectus Poir.
363. Scirpus erismanae Schuyler
364. Scirpus wilkensii Schuyler
365. Scirpus hallii A.Gray
366. Scirpus heterochaetus Chase
367. Scirpus rockii Kük.
368. Scirpus juncoides Roxb.
369. Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. hotarui Ohwi
370. Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. ohwianus (T.Koyama) T.Koyama
371. Scirpus lacustris L.
372. Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla ssp. creber (Fernald) á.Löve & D.Löve
373. Scirpus lacustris L. x Scirpus tabernaemontani C.C.Gmel.
374. Scirpus lacustris L. x Scirpus triqueter L.
375. Scirpus lateriflorus J.F.Gmel.
376. Scirpus lineolatus Franch. & Sav.
377. Scirpus litoralis Schrad.
378. Scirpus mucronatus L.
379. Scirpus pungens Vahl
380. Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla ssp. longispicata (Britton) á.Löve & D.Löve
381. Scirpus purshianus Fernald f. purshianus
382. Scirpus purshianus Fernald f. williamsii (Fernald) Fernald
383. Scirpus roylei (Nees) R.Parker
384. Scirpus bergsonii Schuyler
385. Scirpus saximontanus Fernald
386. Scirpus jacobii C.E.C.Fisch.
387. Scirpus smithii A.Gray
388. Scirpus smithii A.Gray f. smithii
389. Scirpus smithii A.Gray f. levisetus (Fassett) Fernald
390. Scirpus smithii A.Gray f. setosus (Fernald) Fernald
391. Scirpus subterminalis Torr.
392. Scirpus supinus L.
393. Scirpus uninodis (Delile) Coss. & Durieu
394. Scirpus lacustris L. var. tabenaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) Doell.
395. Scirpus taberaemontani C.C.Gmel.
396. Scirpus validus Vahl
397. Scirpus taberaemontani C.C.Gmel. x Scirpus triqueter L.
398. Scirpus torreyi Olney
399. Scirpus triqueter L.
400. Scirpus wallichii Nees
401. Scirpus holoschoenus L.
402. Holoschoenus vulgaris Link
403. Scirpoides romana (L.) Soják
404. Trichophorum atrocinctum (Fernald) á.Löve & D.Löve
405. Scirpus rubricosus Fernald
406. Scirpus fontinalis R.M.Harper
407. Scirpus microcarpus J.Presl & C.Presl ssp. rubrotinctus (Fernald) á.Löve & D.Löve
408. Eriophorum alpinum L.
409. Scirpus cespitosus L. ssp. austriacus (Palla) Brodd.
410. Baeothryon cespitosum (L.) A.Dietr. ssp. cespitosum
411. Baeothryon cespitosum (L.) A.Dietr. ssp. delicatulum (Fernald) á.Löve & D.Löve
412. Baeothryon cespitosum (L.) A.Dietr.
413. Scirpus cespitosus L.
414. Scirpus pumilus Vahl
415. Baeothryon pumilum (Vahl) á.Löve & D.Löve
416. Baeothryon uniflorum (Trautv.) T.V.Egorova
417. Uncinia rupestris Raoul
418. Uncinia nervosa Boott
419. Uncinia caespitosa Colenso ex Boott var. viridis (C.B.Clarke) Hamlin
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Roalson, E.H. A Synopsis of Chromosome Number Variation in the Cyperaceae. Bot. Rev 74, 209–393 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-008-9011-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-008-9011-y