Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sonosynthesis of cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) from kenaf fiber: Effects of processing parameters

  • Published:
Fibers and Polymers Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study optimizes the isolation parameters of cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) from kenaf fiber using central composite design (CCD). The extraction of CNP was based on three stages (i.e. 3 factors). The independent variables (factors) were NaOH dosage, amount of NaClO2, and sonication time, while the dependent variables (response) were CNP size quality and degradation temperature. Later, size quality responses were fitted with a quadratic polynomial model and degradation point responses with a 2-factor interaction model (2FI). The quadratic model and 2FI models resulted R2 values of 0.95 and 0.79, respectively. In addition, the morphological, thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated a progressive removal of non-cellulosic constituents. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed reduction in fiber diameter from ~170 μm to ~100 nm. The optimal parameters for extraction of CNP were found to be 0.2 g of NaOH/4 g of fiber at first stage, 5 ml of NaClO2/4 g of fiber at the second stage, and 20 min of sonication period during the third stage. Moreover, obtained cellulose nanoparticles were thermally more stable at higher temperature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. X. Chen, Q. Guo, and Y. Mi, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 69, 1891 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. M.-J. Cho and B.-D. Park, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 17, 36 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Balat, H. Balat, and C. Öz, Prog. Energ. Combust., 34, 551 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, A. H. Bhat, and A. F. Ireana Yusra, Carbohydr. Polym., 87, 963 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. I. Siró and D. Plackett, Cellulose, 17, 459 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. S. A. El-Sayed and M. E. Mostafa, Energy Convers. Manage., 85, 165 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. K. Sever, J. Reinf. Plast. Comp., 29, 1921 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. H. A. Khalil, M. Marliana, A. Issam, and I. Bakare, Mater. Design, 32, 2604 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. M. M. Kabir, H. Wang, K. T. Lau, F. Cardona, and T. Aravinthan, Compos. Pt. B-Eng., 43, 159 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. T. Alsaeed, B. F. Yousif, and H. Ku, Mater. Des., 43, 177 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. M. M. Ibrahim, A. Dufresne, W. K. El-Zawawy, and F. A. Agblevor, Carbohydr. Polym., 81, 811 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Y. Noda, C. Asada, C. Sasaki, S. Hashimoto, and Y. Nakamura, Biochem. Eng. J., 73, 1 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. Martin-Sampedro, M. E. Eugenio, J. A. Moreno, E. Revilla, and J. C. Villar, Bioresour. Technol., 153, 236 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. N. Rider and D. R. Arnott, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 20, 209 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. M. Abdelmouleh, S. Boufi, M. N. Belgacem, and A. Dufresne, Compos. Sci. Technol., 67, 1627 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Khan, T. Huq, M. Saha, R. A. Khan, M. A. Khan, and M. A. Gafur, J. Compos. Mater., 44, 2875 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. H. P. S. A. Khalil, H. Ismail, H. D. Rozman, and M. N. Ahmad, Eur. Polym. J., 37, 1037 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. A. R. Bertoti, S. Luporini, and M. C. A. Esperidião, Carbohydr. Polym., 77, 20 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. T. Mukherjee, M. Sani, N. Kao, R. K. Gupta, N. Quazi, and S. Bhattacharya, Chem. Eng. Sci., 101, 655 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S. Karimi, P. M. Tahir, A. Karimi, A. Dufresne, and A. Abdulkhani, Carbohydr. Polym., 101, 878 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. B. Deepa, E. Abraham, N. Cordeiro, M. Mozetic, A. Mathew, K. Oksman, M. Faria, S. Thomas, and L. Pothan, Cellulose, 22, 1075 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Jonoobi, R. Oladi, Y. Davoudpour, K. Oksman, A. Dufresne, Y. Hamzeh, and R. Davoodi, Cellulose, 22, 935 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. W. Chen, W.-P. Wang, H.-S. Zhang, and Q. Huang, Carbohydr. Polym., 87, 614 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. M. R. Ketabchi, M. K. Siddiqui, and M. Enamul, C. T. Ratnam, R. Walvekar, Proc. 13th Inter. Conf. EED, 35, 146 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  25. H. Kargarzadeh, I. Ahmad, I. Abdullah, A. Dufresne, S. Zainudin, and R. Sheltami, Cellulose, 19, 855 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. L. H. Zaini, M. Jonoobi, P. M. Tahir, and S. Karimi, J. Biomater. Nanobiotechnol., 4, 37 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. V. Fierro, V. Torné-Fernández, A. Celzard, and D. Montané, J. Hazard. Mater., 149, 126 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Z. A. Mayer, A. Apfelbacher, and A. Hornung, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 94, 170 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen, D. H. Lee, and C. Zheng, Fuel, 86, 1781 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, 43500, Malaysia

    Mohammad Reza Ketabchi, Mohammad Khalid & Sivakumar Manickam

  2. Energy Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia

    Chantara Thevy Ratnam

  3. Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysia Nuclear Agency, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia

    Rashmi Walvekar

  4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia

    Md Enamul Hoque

Authors
  1. Mohammad Reza Ketabchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Khalid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chantara Thevy Ratnam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sivakumar Manickam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rashmi Walvekar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Md Enamul Hoque
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Khalid.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ketabchi, M.R., Khalid, M., Ratnam, C.T. et al. Sonosynthesis of cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) from kenaf fiber: Effects of processing parameters. Fibers Polym 17, 1352–1358 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-016-5813-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-016-5813-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation