Abstract
Numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the hypergravity effect on plants, where seedlings (4–5 days old) were continuously exposed and grown under hypergravity condition. Here, we have used a novel ‘shortterm hypergravity exposure experimental method’ where imbibed caryopses (instead of seedlings) were exposed to higher hypergravity values ranging from 500 g to 2500 g for a short interval time of 10 minutes and post short-term hypergravity treated caryopses were grown under 1 g conditions for five days. Changing patterns in caryopsis germination and growth, along with various photosynthetic and biochemical parameters were studied. Results revealed the significant inhibition of caryopsis germination and growth in short-term hypergravity treated seeds over control. Photosynthesis parameters such as chlorophyll content, rate of photosynthesis (PN), transpiration rate (Evap) and stomatal conductance (Gs), along with intracellular CO2 concentration (Cint) were found to be affected significantly in 5 days old seedlings exposed to short-term hypergravity treatment. In order to investigate the cause of observed inhibition, we examined the α-amylase activity and antioxidative enzyme activities. α-amylase activity was found to be inhibited, along with the reduction of sugars necessary for germination and earlier growth in short-term hypergravity treated caryopses. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and guaiacol peroxidase were increased in short-term hypergravity treated caryopses, suggesting that caryopses might have experienced oxidative stress upon short-term hypergravity exposure.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aarti, D., Tanaka, R., Ito, H., Tanaka, A.: High light inhibits chlorophyll biosynthesis at the level of 5-aminolevulinate synthesis during de-etiolation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cotyledons. Photochem. Photobiol. 83, 171–176 (2007)
Arnon, D.I.: Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24(1), 1–15 (1949)
Barjaktarović, Z., Nordheim, A., Lamkemeyer, T., Fladerer, C., Madlung, J., Hampp, R.: Time-course of changes in protein amounts of specific proteins upon exposure to hyper-hypergravity, 2-D clinorotation and random positioning of Arabidopsis cell cultures. J. Exp. Bot. 58(15–16), 4357–4363 (2007)
Beck, E., Ziegler, P.: Biosynthesis and degradation of starch in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40, 95–117 (1989)
Bhaskaran, S., Jagtap, S.S., Vidyasagar, P.B.: Life and gravity, Biophysical. Rev. Lett. 4(4), 299–318 (2009)
Bradford, MM.: A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantitites of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 72, 248–254 (1976)
Brown, C.S., Piastuch, W.S.: Starch metabolism in germinating soyabean cotyledons is sensitive to clinorotation and centrifugation. Plant cell and Environ. 17, 341–344 (1994)
Hoson, T., Nishitani, K., Miyamoto, K., Ueda, J., Kamisaka, S., Yamamoto, R., Masuda, Y.: Effects of hypergravity on growth and cell wall properties of cress Hypocotyls. J. Exp. Bot. 47(297), 513–517 (1996)
Jagtap, S. S., Vidyasagar, P. B.: Effects of high gravity (g) values on growth and chlorophyll content in wheat. Int. J. Int. Biol. BBB10 special issue 9(3), 127–129 (2010)
Kasahara, H., Shiwa, M., Takeuchi, Y., Yamada, M.: Effects of hypergravity on the elongation growth in radish and cucumber hypocotyls. J. Plant Res. 108(1089), 59–64 (1995)
Koizumi, T., Sakaki, T., Usui, S., Soga, K., Wakabayashi, K., Hoson, T.: Changes in membrane lipid composition in azuki bean epicotyls under hypergravity conditions: Possible role of membrane sterols in gravity resistance. Adv. Space Res. 39(7), 1198–1203 (2007)
Martzivanou, M., Hampp, R.: Hypergravity effects on the Arabiodopsis transcriptome. Physiol. Plant. 118(2), 22–31 (2003)
Miyamoto, K., Yuda, T., Shimazu, T., Ueda, J.: Leaf senescence under various gravity conditions: relevance to the dynamics of plant hormones. Adv. Space Res. 27(5), 1017–1022 (2001)
Nakabayashi, I., Karahara, I., Tamaoki, D., Masuda, K., Wakasugi, T., Yamada, K., Soga, K., Hoson, T., Kamisaka, S: Hypergravity stimulus enhances primary xylem development and decreases mechanical properties of secondary cell walls in inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Ann Botany. 97(6), 1083–1090 (2006)
Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A., Kriedmann, P.A.: Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Bioenergetics 975, 384–394 (1989)
Rajjou, L., Duval, M., Gallardo, K., Catusse, J., Bally, J., Job, C., Job, D.: Seed germination and vigor. Annu Rev. of Plant Biol. 63, 507–33 (2012)
Sadasivam, S., Manickam, A.: Biochemical Methods, 3rd Edition. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, India (2008)
Santos, M.A.D., Russamano, T., Fachel, F.N.S., Cassel, E., Astarita, L.V.: The effect of hypergravity on the germination and growth of Eruca sativa Mill. TOJST 2(3), 57–60 (2012)
Santos, M.A.O., Novembre, A.D.L.C., Marcos-Filho, J.: Tetrazolium test to assess viability and vigour of tomato seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 35(1), 213–223 (2007)
Soga, K., Harada, K., Wakabayashi, K., Hoson, T., Kamisaka, S.: Increased molecular mass of hemicellulosis polysaccharides is involved in growth inhibition of maize coleoptiles and mesocotyls under hypergravity conditions. J. Plant Res. 112(1107), 273–278 (1999a)
Soga, K., Wakabayashi, K., Hoson, T., Kamisaka, S.: Hypergravity increases the molecular mass of xyloglucans by decreasing xyloglucan-degrading activity in azuki bean epicotyls. Plant Cell Physiol. 40(6), 581–585 (1999b)
Strasser, RJ., Srivastava, A., Tsimilli-Michael, M.: The fluorescence transient as a tool to characterize and screen photosynthetic samples. In: Yunus M, Pathre U, Mohanty P (eds.) Probing photosynthesis: Mechanisms, Regulation and Adaption, pp 445–483. Taylor & Francis, London (2000)
Tamaoki, D., Karahara, I., Schreiber, L., Wakasugi, T., Yamada, K., Kamisaka, S.: Effects of hypergravity conditions on elongation growth and lignin formation in the inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Plant Res. 119(2), 79–84 (2006)
Vashisth, A., Nagarajan, S.: Effect on germination and early growth characteristics in sunflower (Helianthus annus) seeds exposed to static magnetic field. J Plant Physiol. 167(2), 149–156 (2010)
Vidyasagar, P., Jagtap, S.S., Nirhali, A., Bhaskaran, S., Hase, V.: Effects of hypergravity on the chlorophyll content and growth of root and shoot during development in rice plants. In: Allen, J.F., Gantt, E., Golbeck, J.H., Osmond, B. (eds.) Photosynthesis Energy from the Sun, pp. 1599–1602. Springer, Netherlands (2008)
Waldron, K.W., Brett, C.T.: Effects of extreme acceleration on the germination, growth and cell wall composition of pea epicotyls. J Exp. Bot. 41(1), 71–77 (1990)
Wakabayashi, K., Soga, K., Kamisaka, S., Hoson, T.: Changes in levels of cell wall constituents in wheat seedlings grown under continuous hypergravity conditions. Adv. Space Res. 36, 1292–1297 (2005a)
Wakabayashi, K., Soga, K., Kamisaka, S., Hoson, T.: Increase in the level of arabinoxylan-hydroxycinnamate network in cell walls of wheat coleoptiles grown under continuous hypergravity conditions. Physiol. Plant. 125(1), 127–134 (2005b)
Weckx, J.E.J., Clijsters, H.M.M.: Oxidative damage and defense mechanisms in primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris as a result of root assimilation of toxic amounts of copper. Physiol. Plant 96, 506–512 (1996)
Woodger, F., Jacobsen, J.V., Gubler, F.: Gibberellin action in germinated cereal grains. In: Davies, P.J. (ed) Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action!, pp. 221–240. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (2004)
Acknowledgments
Authors are grateful to Board of College and University Development (BCUD), Savitribai Phule Pune University, for the financial support.
Financial support
The work is supported by Indian Space Research Organization, ISRO (Scheme GOI-A-597) under Microgravity Research Programme
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vidyasagar, P.B., Jagtap, S.S., Dixit, J.P. et al. Effects of Short-term Hypergravity Exposure on Germination, Growth and Photosynthesis of Triticum aestivum L.. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 26, 375–384 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-014-9400-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-014-9400-2