Abstract
Morphological changes and both surface and volume budgets along the Mediterranean coastline Sidi Ali El Mekki–Gammarth which is located at the western fringe of the Gulf of Tunis (NE Tunisia) are studied, over the 1887–2010 period, by ancient minute of bathymetry and aerial photographs treated using digital photogrammetric methods and GIS tools. The accretion areas are located upstream the fishing port of Ghar El Melh which interrupts alongshore sediment transport (0.22–0.66 ± 0.21 m/year, i.e., 21,309 ± 1,113 m2/year, i.e., 106,546 ± 5,565 m3/year) and around the recent mouth of the Medjerda River because of fluvial deposits and accumulation of sediment transported by drift currents (2.35–3.35 ± 0.21 m/year, i.e., 4,956 ± 1,050 m2/year, i.e., 24,780 ± 5,250 m3/year). The erosion areas are situated downstream the fishing port of Ghar El Melh (−4.32 to 0.9 ± 0.21 m/year, i.e., −4,822 ± 1,232 m2/year, i.e., −24,114 ± 6,163 m3/year), around the ancient mouth of the Medjerda River which was abandoned and deprived from fluvial sediment supply (−15.44 to −4.55 ± 0.21 m/year, i.e., −4,499 ± 264 m2/year, i.e., −22,495 ± 1,323 m3/year). The eroded sediments are displaced to the south giving rise to the sand spit of Kalâat El Andalous. Coastline retreated also along the Raoued–Gammarth sector which lost sediments by SE–NW drift currents (−0.75 to −0.23 ± 0.21 m/year, i.e., −3,765 ± 1,113 m2/year, i.e., −18,828 ± 5,565 m3/year). The alongshore distribution of accretion/erosion patterns lead to divide the studied coastline into three littoral cells limited by natural boundaries: (a) Cap Sidi Ali El Mekki—the ancient mouth of the Medjerda River, (b) from the ancient to the recent mouth of the Medjerda river, and (c) the recent mouth of the Medjerda River–Cap Gammarth.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allard J, Bertin X, Chaumillon E, Pouget F (2008) Sand spit rhythmic development: a potential record of wave climate variations? Arçay Spit, western coast of France. Mar Geol 253:107–131
Anfuso G, Martinez del Poso JA, Nachite A, Benavente J, Macias A (2007) Morphological characteristics and medium-term of the beaches between Ceuta and Cabo Negro (Morocco). Environ Geol 52:933–946
Anfuso G, Pranzini E, Vitale G (2011) An integrated approach to coastal erosion problems in northern Tuscany (Italy): littoral morphological evolution and cell distribution. Geomorphology 129:204–214
Anfuso G, Martínez-del-Pozo JÁ, Rangel-Buitrago N (2013) Morphological cells in the Ragusa littoral (Sicily, Italy). J Coast Conserv 17:369–377. doi:10.1007/s11852-013-0233-8
Barusseau JP, Akouango E, Ba M, Descamps C, Golf A (1996) Evidences for short term retreat of the barrier shorelines. Quat Sci Rev 15:763–771
Bird E (2000) Coastal geomorphology. An introduction. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, p 322
Birkemeier WA (1985) Field data on seaward limit of profile change. J Waterw Pt Coast Ocean Eng 111(3):598–602
Bouhafa T (1985) Erosion et protection des plages du Golfe de Tunis. Mémoire de certificat d’aptitude à la recherche, Faculté des sciences humaines de Tunis, p 100
Carter RWG (1988) Coastal environments. Academic Press, London, p 617
CERC (1984) Shore protection manual, vol 2, 4th édn, US Army engineer waterways experiment station, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
El Arrim A (1996) Etude d’impact de la dynamique sédimentaire et des aménagements sur la stabilité du littoral du golfe de Tunis. Thèse. Doc. de Spécialité. Géologie. Fac. Sci. Tunis, p 20
Gasdaoui A (2005) Contribution à l’étude de la quantification des échanges mer-atmosphère le long des côtes Tunisiennes. Master en Hydrodynamique et modélisation des environnements côtiers. Ecole National des Ingénieurs de Tunis, p 71
Guide des ports de pêche (2007) Agence des Ports et des Installations de Pêche, Min.Agr.Ress.Hydr. Tunisie, p 91
Hallermeir RJ (1981) A profile zonation for seasonal sand beaches from wave climate. Coast Eng 4:253–277
Inman DL, Frautschy JD (1966) Littoral processes and the development of shorelines. Proc.Coastal Engineering Specialty Conf., ASCE
Kentaro H, Koji H, Kazuki Y, Nobuhisa K (2010) Beach morphologies at Notsukezaki sand spit, Japon. Coast Eng, p 1–12
Komar PD, Diaz-Mendez GM, Marra JJ (2001) Stability of the New River Spit, and the position of Oregon’s beach-zone line. J Coast Res 17(3):625–635
Kouki A (1984) Contribution à l’étude de la dynamique sédimentaire dans le petit golfe de Tunis. Thèse. Doc. de spécialité: Géologie (sédimentologie marine). Univ. de Nantes, p 168
Lorenzo F, Alonso A, Pages JL (2007) Erosion and accretion of beach and spit systems in northwest Spain: a response to human activity. J Coast Res 23(4):834–845
Losada MA, Medina R, Vidal C, Roldan A (1991) Historical evolution and morphological analysis of “El Puntal” spit, Santander (Spain). J Coast Res 7(3):711–722
Louati M, Zargouni F (2009) Modélisation topo-bathymétrique et transit sédimentaire. Exemple des plages sableuses de la baie de Tunis, Nord-Est de la Tunisie. Géomorphologie relief, processus, environnement 3:211–222
Louati M, Zargouni F (2013) Le littoral entre l’actuelle embouchure de l’oued Miliane et Soliman, Tunisie. Analyse de l’évolution du trait de côte par photo-interprétation et système d’information géographique. Géomorphologie relief, processus, environnement 2:209–224
Lowry P, Carter RWG (1982) Computer simulation and delimitation of littoral drift cells on the south coast of Co., Wexford, Ireland. J Heart Sci R Dublin Soc 4:121–132
Mignot C (1988) Hydrodynamique sédimentaire et érosion et sédimentation du littoral. 1ère partie: Hydrodynamique sédimentaire. Cours enseigné à l’école nationale des travaux publics de l’état et à la fac. Sci. d’Orsay-Paris Sud, p 140
Mignot C (1988) Hydrodynamique sédimentaire et érosion et sédimentation du littoral. 2ème partie : Erosion et sédimentation du littoral. Cours enseigné à l’école nationale des travaux publics de l’état et à la fac. Sci. d’Orsay-Paris Sud, p 102
Nouri Y (1979) Aspects géomorphologiques et évolution récente de la côte du golfe de Tunis. Mémoire de C.A.R. Fac. Lettres et des Sci.Hum. Tunis, p 89
Nouri Y, Paskoff R (1980) Remarques sur le comportement actuel des plages dans le fond du Golfe de Tunis. Revue Tunisienne de géographie n°6. Fac. Lettres et des Sci. Hum. Tunis, p 145–150
Oueslati A (1993) Les côtes de la Tunisie: Géomorphologie et environnement et aptitudes à l’aménagement. Série 2: Géographie.vol.XXXIV, p 381
Oueslati A (1994) Les côtes de la Tunisie, recherches sur leur évolution au Quaternaire. Publication de la Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de Tunis, p 402
Oueslati A (2004) Littoral et aménagement en Tunisie, Ed ORBIS, p 534
Paskoff R (1994) Les littoraux: Impact des aménagements sur leur évolution. 2ème édition, p 56
Patsch K, Griggs G (2006) Littoral cells, sand budgets, and beaches: underesting California’s shoreline, p 39
Raynal O, Bouchette F, Certain R, Séranne M, Dezileaua L, Sabatier P, Lofi J, Xuan Hy AB, Briqueu L, Pezard P, Tessier B (2009) Control of alongshore-oriented sand spits on the dynamics of a wave-dominated coastal system (Holocene deposits, northern Gulf of Lions, France). Marine Geol, p 242–257
Rijn LCV (2010) Coastal erosion control based on the concept of sediment cells. Report of the project: concepts and science for coastal erosion management, p 76
Saïdi H (2004) Etude de la dynamique sédimentaire de la frange littorale Sidi Bou Saïd-La Goulette. DEA, Géologie, Fac. Sci.Tunis, p 125
Saïdi H (2013) Etude de la dynamique sédimentaire et Evolution du trait de côte du golfe de Tunis (Tunisie nord-orientale). Doctorat, Géologie, Fac. Sci.Tunis, p 244
Saïdi H, Souissi R, Zargouni F (2010) Impact of shore-parallel breakwaters on the microtidal coast of Hammam-Lif (North-East of Tunisia). Arab J of Geosci. doi:10.1007/s12517-010-0223-1
Saïdi H, Souissi R, Zargouni F (2012a) Environmental impacts of single and successive breakwaters along the Mediterranean coastline at Radès-Ezzahra, NE Tunisia. Bull Eng Geol Environ. doi:10.1007/s10064-011-0411-6
Saïdi H, Souissi R, Zargouni F (2012b) Environmental impact of detached breakwaters on the Mediterranean coastline of Soliman (north-east of Tunisia). Rend Fis Acc Lincei. doi:10.1007/s12210-012-0191-3
Saïdi H, Souissi R, Zargouni F (2013) Grain size characteristics of superficial sediments of the Gulf of Tunis (NE Tunisia). Arab J Geosci. doi:10.1007/s12517-013-1008-0
SHOM (2004) Annuaire des marées, tome 1—Ports de France. Imprimerie de l’Etablissement Principal du Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine, Brest, p 192
Sliti M (1984) Contribution à l’étude de la dynamique de la morphologie littorale dans le golfe de Tunis. DEA. Sciences de la terre, option: eau et environnement. Fac. Sci. Tunis, p 56
Viles H, Spencer T (1995) Coastal problems: geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Edward Arnold, London, p 350
Zahar Y, Benzarti Z (2008) Impact du barrage de Sidi Salem sur les risques d’inondation dans la basse vallée de la Mejerda. Atlas de l’eau en Tunisie. Édit. UR GREVACHOT, FSHS de Tunis 144–149
Zeggaf-Tahri M (1999) Etude d’impact des ouvrages de protection sur la dynamique sédimentaire du littoral du golfe de Tunis et des côtes nord de Mahdia. Doctorat de géologie, Fac. Sci. Tunis, p 140
Zeggaf-Tahri M (1993) Etude d’impact des ouvrages de protection sur l’environnement du littoral du petit golfe de Tunis. DEA. Géol. App. à l’environnement. Fac. Sci. Tunis, p 77
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the members of the Office of Topography and Cadastre of Tunis (Tunisia) for their help in the treatment of the minute of bathymetry and the aerial photographs.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saïdi, H., Souissi, R., Louati, M. et al. Morphologic changes and sedimentary budgets along a Mediterranean coastline with a sand spit: case of the littoral fringe Sidi Ali El Mekki–Gammarth (NE Tunisia). Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 25, 393–401 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-014-0314-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-014-0314-0