Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Comparing Committed Forensic Inpatients to Nonpatients Instructed to Feign Insanity or Not Using Scores from the Rorschach Task and Self-Report

  • Published:
Psychological Injury and Law Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We investigated how scores from the Rorschach task and self-reports of psychotic-like disturbance distinguish individuals attempting to appear insane (i.e., feigning) from patients with psychotic disturbances or nonpatient controls. We also evaluated whether Rorschach scores provide incremental validity over self-reported symptoms. The study used 50 nonpatients asked to feign (F; age M = 19.5, SD = 1.5), 88 incarcerated forensic inpatients deemed not guilty by reason of insanity or incompetent to stand trial (P; age M = 40.8, SD = 13.5), and 47 standard nonpatient controls (S; age M = 19.8, SD = 2.2). Participants responded to the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS), the Magical Ideation Scale (MIS), and the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS). We compared each pair of groups (i.e., F vs. P, P vs. S, and F vs. S) with separate predetermined hypotheses addressing the multimethod assessment of feigning or psychosis and ran logistic regressions including Rorschach and self-reported scores to predict group membership (e.g., F vs. P). Primary analyses found validity for Critical Contents and a revised version of it, the Thought and Perception Composite (TP-Comp), a variable we call Breaking the Card Boundary (BCB), and self-reported symptoms. In supplementary analyses, we document validity for subcomponents of TP-Comp alone and in combination with BCB. We also found it was easier to feign self-reported symptoms than R-PAS assessed characteristics and that R-PAS variables had incremental validity over self-reports on the MIS-PAS. Finally, we note limitations and suggest future paths, such as evaluating the generalizability of the results when considering attempts to feign severe mental illness on the trauma spectrum and creating a feigning composite using cross-validated logistic regression equations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Sewell and Helle (2018) organized their review in a summary table indicating whether the feigners scored higher, lower, or no differently than the comparison group across 15 variables. In our version of the table, which is available from the authors, we made corrections to some of their entries. Based on the text in Easton and Feigenbaum (1967) and Feldman and Graley (1954), we changed the direction of three effects. We also added missing effects provided in (n = 8) Batchelder (1994), Easton and Feigenbaum (1967), Feldman and Graley (1954), and Seamons et al. (1981), or computable from (n = 6) Netter and Viglione (1994). Given the small samples, we also noted the direction of effects when they were close to significant (i.e., p < .10).

  2. Researchers defined dramatic content in overlapping ways. Relative to Critical Content, two studies omitted Anatomy (Ganellen et al., 1996; McDougall, 1996), though the two scales correlate highly in the R-PAS norms (r = .89). Overton (1984) studied Blood, Fire, Explosion, and Sex separate from Anatomy and did not study Morbid or Aggressive Movement. His four-variable composite has an r with Critical Content of just 0.69, which may explain why he had the only null dramatic content result. (Null results may also be due to small samples [10 feigners, 10 controls] and instructions to use five strategies to fake the Rorschach.) Seamons et al. (1981) defined dramatic content as “themes of depression, sex, blood, gore, mutilation, confusion, hatred, fighting, and decapitation” (p. 132). Perry and Kinder (1992) and Spana (1992) slightly expanded that to add themes of negative emotion or evil.

  3. CritCont2% encompasses almost all the sub-features of dramatic contents that others have studied. However, it does not assess confusion, as used by G. G. Perry and Kinder (1992), Seamons et al. (1981), and Spana (1992) or negative emotions that do not qualify for the MOR code, as used by G. G. Perry and Kinder (1992) and Spana (1992).

References

  • Acklin, M. W. (2008). The Rorschach test and forensic psychological evaluation: Psychosis and the insanity defense. In C. B. Gacono (Ed.), The handbook of forensic rorschach assessment (pp. 157–174). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

  • American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, text revision DSM-5-TR (5th edition.). Amer Psychiatric Pub Inc.

  • Armstrong, J. G., & Loewenstein, R. J. (1990). Characteristics of patients with multiple personality and dissociative disorders on psychological testing. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(7), 448–454. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199007000-00006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batchelder, K. M. (1994). Detecting malingered psychotic symptoms with the Rorschach projective technique [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Andrews University.

  • Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darlington, R. B., & Hayes, A. F. (2017). Regression analysis and linear models: Concepts, applications, and implementation. Guilford Press.

  • David, A. S., Bedford, N., Wiffen, B., & Gilleen, J. (2012). Failures of metacognition and lack of insight in neuropsychiatric disorders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1594), 1379–1390. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, A. B., Phillips, M. S., Barwegen, K. C., Obolsky, M. A., Rauch, A. A., Pesanti, S. D., Tse, P. K. Y., Ovsiew, G. P., Jennette, K. J., Resch, Z. J., & Soble, J. R. (2023). Comprehensive analysis of MMPI-2-RF symptom validity scales and performance validity test relationships in a diverse mixed neuropsychiatric setting. Psychological Injury and Law, 16(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-022-09467-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Ruiter, C., Giromini, L., Meyer, G. J., King, C. M., & Rubin, B. A. (2023). Clarifying sound and suspect use of the Rorschach in forensic mental health evaluations: A response to Areh et al. (2022) [Manuscript submitted for publication].

  • Easton, K., & Feigenbaum, K. (1967). An examination of an experimental set to fake the Rorschach test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 24(3), 871–874. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1967.24.3.871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Exner, J. E. (1974). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System (1st ed., 1 vol.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

  • Exner, J. E. (2003). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System (4th ed., 1 vol.). John Wiley & Sons.

  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, M. J., & Graley, J. (1954). The effects of an experimental set to simulate abnormality on group Rorschach performance. Journal of Projective Techniques, 18(3), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853126.1954.10380565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gacono, C. B., Bannatyne-Gacono, L., Meloy, J. R., & Baity, M. R. (2005). The Rorschach extended aggression scores. Rorschachiana, 27(1), 164–190. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.27.1.164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganellen, R. J., Wasyliw, O. E., & Haywood, T. W. (1996). Can psychosis be malingered on the Rorschach? An empirical study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gockel, J. A. (2013). The effect of symptom and test coaching on simulated malingering on the perceptual-thinking index of the Rorschach inkblot test [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Hartford.

  • Graceffo, R. A., Mihura, J. L., & Meyer, G. J. (2014). A meta-analysis of an implicit measure of personality functioning: The mutuality of autonomy scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(6), 581–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2014.919299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, G. M., Silvia, P. J., Barrantes-Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2015). The dimensional structure of short forms of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales. Schizophrenia Research, 166(1–3), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, A. G., & Armstrong, I. T. (2021). A comparison of the self-report patterns of analog versus real-world malingerers of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, 128(7), 1065–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-020-02273-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, A. G., Beal, A. L., & Armstrong, I. T. (2023). Predictive value of performance validity testing and symptom validity testing in psychoeducational assessment. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 30(3), 315–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2021.1943396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsley, J., & Meyer, G. J. (2003). The incremental validity of psychological testing and assessment: Conceptual, methodological, and statistical issues. Psychological Assessment, 15(4), 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.15.4.446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiss, A. (2017). Malingering and the Rorschach: Investigating systematic differences in Rorschach responses from committed forensic patients and normal subjects instructed to fake insanity [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Toledo.

  • Kucharski, L. T., Duncan, S., Egan, S. S., & Falkenbach, D. M. (2006). Psychopathy and malingering of psychiatric disorder in criminal defendants. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24(5), 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, A. L. (1996). Rorschach indicators of simulated schizophrenia [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. California school of professional psychology.

  • Meadows, E. A., Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., & Roy, M. (2017). March 15–19). Distinguishing morbid features of intrusive mental imagery in trauma and depression [Oral Presentation]. In G. J. Meyer (Chair), Advances in Rorschach research – 1. Integrated paper session conducted at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality Assessment, San Francisco, CA.

  • Melton, G. B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N. G., & Slobogin, C. (2007). Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers. Guilford Press.

  • Meng, X., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1992). Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, G. J. (1999). The convergent validity of MMPI and Rorschach scales: An extension using profile scores to define response and character styles on both methods and a reexamination of simple rorschach response. Journal of Personality Assessment, 72(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa7201_1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, G. J. (2023). Understanding complexity as a construct and as a formally scored variable. Rorschachiana, 44(1), 23–58. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, G. J., & Archer, R. P. (2001). The hard science of Rorschach research: What do we know and where do we go? Psychological Assessment, 13(4), 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.486.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, G. J., & Friston, K. J. (2022). The active bayesian brain and the Rorschach task. Rorschachiana, 1192–5604a000158. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000158.

  • Meyer, G. J., & Mihura, J. L. (2021). Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) for assessing disordered thinking and perception. In I. B. Weiner & J. H. Kleiger (Eds.), Psychological assessment of disordered thinking and perception (pp. 151–168). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000245-010

  • Meyer, G. J., Riethmiller, R. J., Brooks, R. D., Benoit, W. A., & Handler, L. (2000). A replication of Rorschach and MMPI-2 convergent validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 74(2), 175–215. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7402_3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, G. J., Finn, S. E., Eyde, L. D., Kay, G. G., Moreland, K. L., Dies, R. R., Eisman, E. J., Kubiszyn, T. W., & Reed, G. M. (2001). Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues. American Psychologist, 56(2), 128–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Erard, R. E., & Erdberg, P. (2011). Rorschach Performance Assessment System: Administration, coding, interpretation, and technical manual. Rorschach Performance Assessment System LLC.

  • Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., & Mihura, J. L. (2017). Psychometric foundations of the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS). In R. Erard, & B. Evans (Eds.), The Rorschach in multimethod forensic practice (pp. 23–91). Routledge.

  • Meyer, G. J., Pimentel, R. P. F. A., Pianowski, G., & Vanhoyland, M. (2021). Coding criteria for breaking the card boundary (BCB) [Unpublished scoring manual]. Department of Psychology, University of Toledo.

  • Mihura, J. L. (2012). The necessity of multiple test methods in conducting assessments: The role of the Rorschach and self-report. Psychological Injury and Law, 5(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-012-9132-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., Dumitrascu, N., & Bombel, G. (2013). The validity of individual Rorschach variables: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the Comprehensive System. Psychological Bulletin, 139(3), 548–605. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, A. (1988). The ability of informed fakers to simulate schizophrenia on the Rorschach [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Oklahoma State University.

  • Neal, T. M. S., & Grisso, T. (2014). Assessment practices and expert judgment methods in forensic psychology and psychiatry: An international snapshot. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(12), 1406–1421. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814548449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Netter, B. E. C. (1990). The detection of faking schizophrenia in the Rorschach Psychodiagnostic Test [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. California School of Professional Psychology.

  • Netter, B. E. C., & Viglione, D. J. (1994). An empirical study of malingering schizophrenia on the Rorschach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obolsky, M. A., Resch, Z. J., Fellin, T. J., Cerny, B. M., Khan, H., Bing-Canar, H., McCollum, K., Lee, R. C., Fink, J. W., Pliskin, N. H., & Soble, J. R. (2023). Concordance of performance and symptom validity tests within an electrical injury sample. Psychological Injury and Law, 16(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-022-09469-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ord, A. S., Shura, R. D., Sansone, A. R., Martindale, S. L., Taber, K. H., & Rowland, J. A. (2021). Performance validity and symptom validity tests: Are they measuring different constructs? Neuropsychology, 35, 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000722.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Overton, M. N. (1984). An examination of naive and role informed faking on Rorschach performance (303333296) [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Tennessee]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/utoledo.edu?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/examination-naive-role-informed-faking-on/docview/303333296/se-2?accountid=14770

  • Packer, I. K. (2009). Evaluation of criminal responsibility. Oxford University Press.

  • Perry, G. G., & Kinder, B. N. (1992). Susceptibility of the Rorschach to malingering: A schizophrenia analogue. In C. D. Spielberger, & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (pp. 127–140). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

  • Perry, W., & Viglione, D. J. (1991). The Ego impairment index as a predictor of outcome in melancholic depressed patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56(3), 487–501. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5603_10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, W., Minassian, A., Cadenhead, K., Sprock, J., & Braff, D. (2003). The use of the Ego impairment index across the schizophrenia spectrum. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel, R. P. F. A., Meyer, G. J., & Mihura, J. L. (2022). Malingering severe psychopathology on the Rorschach task: Systematic review and meta-analysis [Manuscript in preparation]. Department of Psychology, University of Toledo.

  • Rogers, R., & Bender, S. D. (Eds.). (2018). Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.

  • Rogers, R., & Robinson, E. V. (2016). Psychopathy and response styles. In C. B. Gacono (Ed.), The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner’s guide (2nd ed., pp. 217–230). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

  • Rogers, R., Sewell, K. W., Martin, M. A., & Vitacco, M. J. (2003). Detection of feigned mental disorders: A meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 and malingering. Assessment, 10(2), 160–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191103010002007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabelli, A. G., Messa, I., Giromini, L., Lichtenstein, J. D., May, N., & Erdodi, L. A. (2021). Symptom versus performance validity in patients with mild TBI: Independent sources of non-credible responding. Psychological Injury and Law, 14(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09400-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, A. M., de Bandeira, A., D. R., & Meyer, G. J. (2022). Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) interrater reliability in a brazilian adolescent sample and comparisons with three other studies. Assessment, 29(5), 859–871. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120973075.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seamons, D. T., Howell, R. J., Carlisle, A. L., & Roe, A. V. (1981). Rorschach simulation of mental illness and normality by psychotic and nonpsychotic legal offenders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45(2), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4502_5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, K. W., & Helle, A. C. (2018). Dissimulation on projective measures: An updated appraisal of a very old question. In R. Rogers, & S. D. Bender (Eds.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (4th ed., pp. 301–313). The Guilford Press.

  • Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spana, R. E. (1992). The effect of instructions to malinger schizophrenia on performance on the Rorschach Inkblot Test [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of South Florida.

  • Sweet, J. J., Heilbronner, R. L., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., Rohling, M. L., Boone, K. B., Kirkwood, M. W., Schroeder, R. W., & Suhr, J. A. (2021). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) 2021 consensus statement on validity assessment: Update of the 2009 AACN consensus conference statement on neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 35(6), 1053–1106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1896036

  • Thabane, L., Mbuagbaw, L., Zhang, S., Samaan, Z., Marcucci, M., Ye, C., Thabane, M., Giangregorio, L., Dennis, B., Kosa, D., Debono, V. B., Dillenburg, R., Fruci, V., Bawor, M., Lee, J., Wells, G., & Goldsmith, C. H. (2013). A tutorial on sensitivity analyses in clinical trials: The what, why, when and how. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-13-92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., Giromini, L., & Meyer, G. J. (2011). Revising the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index to accommodate recent recommendations about improving Rorschach validity. International Journal of Testing, 11(4), 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2011.589019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viglione, D. J., Towns, B., & Lindshield, D. (2012). Understanding and using the Rorschach inkblot test to assess post-traumatic conditions. Psychological Injury and Law, 5(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-012-9128-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viglione, D. J., Giromini, L., Gustafson, M. L., & Meyer, G. J. (2014). Developing continuous variable composites for Rorschach measures of thought problems, vigilance, and suicide risk. Assessment, 21(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112446963.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viglione, D. J., de Ruiter, C., King, C. M., Meyer, G. J., Kivisto, A. J., Rubin, B. A., & Hunsley, J. (2022). Legal admissibility of the Rorschach and R-PAS: A review of research, practice, and case law. Journal of Personality Assessment, 104(2), 137–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2022.2028795.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winterstein, B. P., Silvia, P. J., Kwapil, T. R., Kaufman, J. C., Reiter-Palmon, R., & Wigert, B. (2011). Brief assessment of schizotypy: Developing short forms of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 920–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, C. V., Beattie, S. G., Galper, D. I., Church, A. S., Bufka, L. F., Brabender, V. M., & Smith, B. L. (2017). Assessment practices of professional psychologists: Results of a national survey. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48(2), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, A. E. (1989). The effect of instructional sets on the Rorschach [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Oklahoma State University.

  • Zillmer, E. A., & Perry, W. (1996). Cognitive-neuropsychological abilities and related psychological disturbance: A factor model of neuropsychological, Rorschach, and MMPI indices. Assessment, 3(3), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191196003003003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 948, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606-3390, USA

    Andrea Kiss, Joni L. Mihura, Gregory J. Meyer & Ruam P. F. A. Pimentel

  2. Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Saline, MI, USA

    Nicole Kletzka

Authors
  1. Andrea Kiss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joni L. Mihura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gregory J. Meyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ruam P. F. A. Pimentel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nicole Kletzka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joni L. Mihura.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

Joni L. Mihura and Gregory J. Meyer are members of a company that sells the manual for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) and associated products, which establishes a financial conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

12207_2023_9473_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Supplementary Material 1: Table. Descriptive statistics for all raw score variables and their standard scores (SS) when possible.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kiss, A., Mihura, J.L., Meyer, G.J. et al. Comparing Committed Forensic Inpatients to Nonpatients Instructed to Feign Insanity or Not Using Scores from the Rorschach Task and Self-Report. Psychol. Inj. and Law 16, 141–157 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-023-09473-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-023-09473-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation