Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental Study on Corrosion of Unstressed Steel Strand based on Metal Magnetic Memory

  • Structural Engineering
  • Published:
KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Aims and scope

Abstract

Aimed at the corrosion problem of the commonly used steel strand in the structure engineering, the Metal Magnetic Memory (MMM) was adopted as the non-destructive detection method in this paper. Firstly, based on the magnetic dipole model, the theoretical equations of the Self-Magnetic Flux Leakage (SMFL) for the trapezoidal corrosion section were derived, and the trend of the SMFL was depicted by the software of MATLAB. Then, the experiment of the corrosion detection for the unstressed steel strand based on the MMM was carried out. Ultimately, combined with the above theoretical model, the experimental data were analyzed. The results show that the corrosion of steel material can be relatively precisely calculated by the Faraday's first law of electrolysis. Via the horizontal scanning, the length of the corrosion region can be effectively obtained by the intersections of the x-Bx curves, and the theoretical model is verified. And via the vertical scanning, the inverse point x-z curve presents an inverted U-shape for the corroded steel strand and becomes a new means to determine the range of the corrosion areas. The findings have extensive prospects for the non-destructive detection in civil engineering.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baumvol, I. J. R. (2010). “Radiation-enhanced diffusion as a coating method for protection against corrosion and wear.” Physica Status Solidi, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 287–298. DOI: 10.1002/pssa.2210670128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benabou, A., Clénet, S., and Piriou, F. (2003). “Comparison of preisach and Jiles-Atherton models to take into account hysteresis phenomenon for finite element analysis.” Journal of Magnetism & Magnetic Materials, vol. 261, no. 1, pp. 39–160. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-8853(02)01463-4.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Beskhyroun, S., Oshima, T., Mikami, S., and Yamazaki, T. (2003). “Steel structural damage detection and localization using vibration-based damage identification methods.” The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Tokyo, Japan, vol. 2003, pp. 395–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunha, A., Sarmento, A. M., Lage, A., and Caetano, E. (2012). “Stress measurement and material defect detection in steel strands by magneto elastic effect. Comparison with other non-destructive measurement technique.” Bridge Maintenance Safety Management Resilience & Sustainability, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 914–921. DOI: 10.1201/b12352-126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farhidzadeh, A. and Salamone, S. (2015). “Reference-free corrosion damage diagnosis in steel strands using guided ultrasonic waves.” Ultrasonics, vol. 57, pp. 198–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.11.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, J. (2015). “Stress corrosion cracking of high strength stainless steels for use as strand in prestressed marine environment concrete construction: SCC of high strength SS for use as strand.” Materials & Corrosion, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 1269–1278. DOI: 10.1002/maco.201408190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. T., Ryu, Y. S., and Yun, C. B. (2003). “Vibration-based method to detect prestress loss in beam-type bridges.” Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 5057, no. 9, pp. 559–568. DOI: 10.1117/12.484638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, K. and Banthia, N. (2011). “Corrosion detection in reinforced concrete using induction heating and infrared thermography.” Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring, vol. 1, Nos. 1–2, pp. 25–35. DOI: 10.1007/s13349-010-0002-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S., Kalos, N., and Shin, D. H. (2014). “Non-destructive testing methods in the U.S. for bridge inspection and maintenance.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, KSCE, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1322–1331. DOI: 10.1007/s12205-014-0633-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leng, J. C., Liu, Y., Zhou, G. Q., and Gao, Y. T. (2013). “Metal magnetic memory signal response to plastic deformation of low carbon steel.” NDT & E International, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 42–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2013.01.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C. J., Chen, C., Liao, K. X., Jia, W. L., and Huang Q. (2016). “Theoretical research on the characteristics of the self-magnetic leakage field induced by ferromagnetic pipelines.” Insight-Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, Vol. 58, No. 11 pp. 601–608. DOI: 10.1784/insi.2016.58.11.601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, D. S., Ou, J. P., Shi, Lan, C. M., and Li, H. (2012). “Monitoring and failure analysis of corroded bridge cables under fatigue loading using acoustic emission sensors.” Sensors, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 3901–3915. DOI: 10.3390/s120403901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, D. S., Tan, M. L., Zhang, S. F., and Ou, J. P. (2016). “Stress corrosion damage evolution analysis and mechanism identification for prestressed steel strands using acoustic emission technique.” Structural Control & Health Monitoring, No. 3, DOI: 10.1002/stc.2189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, D. S., Yang, W., and Zhang, W. Y. (2017). “Cluster analysis of stress corrosion mechanisms for steel wires used in bridge cables through acoustic emission particle swarm optimization.” Ultrasonics, vol. 77, pp. 22–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2017.01.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Notoji, A., Hayakawa, M., and Saito, A. (2002). “Strain-magnetization properties and domain structure change of silicon steel sheets due to plastic stress.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 3074–3077. DOI: 10.1109/20.908685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrie, J. R., Wieland, K. A., Burke, R. A., Newburgh, G. A., Burnenette, J. R., Fischer, G, A., and Edelstein, A. S. (2014). “A non-erasable magnetic memory based on the magnetic permeability.” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 361, no. 3, pp. 262–266. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.01.018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, P. and Scalea, F. L. D. (2005). “Ultrasonic inspection of multiwire steel strands with the aid of the wavelet transform.” Smart Materials & Structures, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 685, DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/14/4/027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shui, G. S., Li, C. W., and Yao, K. (2015). “Non-destructive evaluation of the damage of ferromagnetic steel using metal magnetic memory and nonlinear ultrasonic method.” International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1023–1038. DOI: 10.3233/JAE-140115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, Y.Y., Park, D.G., Hong, J. H., Ahn, Y. S., and Kim, G. M. (2000). “The effect of microstructural changes on magnetic Barkhausen noise and magnetomechanical acoustic emission in Mn-Mo-Ni pressure vessel steel.” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 87, no. 9, pp. 5242–5244. DOI: 10.1063/1.373308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, H. and Chen, M. (2014). “Experimental and theoretical analysis of metal magnetic memory signals in the stress concentration area of 45# steel under tensile testing.” International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics & Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 271–280. DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141777.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsui, H., Kawamata, A., Kimoto, J., Isoe, A., Hirose, Y., Sanda, T., and Takeda, N. (2004). “Impact damage detection system using small-diameter optical-fiber sensors embedded in CFRP laminate structures.” Advanced Composite Materials, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 43–55. DOI: 10.1163/1568551041408813.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z. D., Yao, K., Deng, B., and Ding, K. Q. (2010). “Theoretical studies of metal magnetic memory technique on magnetic flux leakage signals.” NDT & E International, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 354–359. DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2009.12.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. W., and Tian, G. Y. (2006). “3D magnetic field sensing for magnetic flux leakage defect characterisation.” Insighit-Non-Destructive Testing and Conditon Monitoring, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 357–359. DOI: 10.1784/insi.2006.48.6.357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. W., Tian, G. Y., Vaidhianathasamy, M., and Shaw, B. A. (2009). “Magneto-acoustic emission and magnetic barkhausen emission for case depth measurement in En36 gear steel.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 177–183. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2008.2007537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y. C. and Han, K. S. (2002). “Damage monitoring and impact detection using optical fiber vibration sensors.” Smart Materials & Structures, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 337, DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/11/3/303.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Yao, K., Deng, B., and Wang, Z. D. (2012). “Numerical studies to signal characteristics with the metal magnetic memory-effect in plastically deformed samples.” NDT& E International, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 7–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.12.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao, G. W., Zhong, L., and Jiang, D. X. (2014). “Experimental method of corrosion fatigue behaviors for steel strand under corrosive environment and cycle loading.” Applied Mechanics & Materials, Vol. 578–579. No. 1, pp. 1424–1429. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.578-579.1424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H., Liao, L., Zhao, R. Q., Zhou, J. T., Yang, M., and Xia, R. C. (2016). “The non-destructive test of steel corrosion in reinforced concrete bridges using a micro-magnetic sensor.” Sensors, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 1439, DOI: 10.3390/s16091439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z., Xiao, C., Gao, J., and Zhou, G. (2010). “Experiment research of magnetic dipole model applicability for a magnetic object.” Journal of Basic Science & Engineering, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 862–868. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0930.2010.05.016.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China

    Runchuan Xia, Jianting Zhou & Hong Zhang

  2. Sichuan Yakang Expressway Co., Ltd, Ya’an, 625000, China

    Daoliang Zhou

  3. Guizhou Expressway Group Co., Ltd, Guiyang, 550000, China

    Zeyu Zhang

Authors
  1. Runchuan Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jianting Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Daoliang Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zeyu Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jianting Zhou.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xia, R., Zhou, J., Zhang, H. et al. Experimental Study on Corrosion of Unstressed Steel Strand based on Metal Magnetic Memory. KSCE J Civ Eng 23, 1320–1329 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0715-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0715-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation