Abstract
Traditionally, shallow spread footing type foundations are used for medium span bridges supported on rock strata. Such bridges are modeled with fixed supports and no Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) is considered. The investigation presented herein utilized a substructuring technique and Finite Element Method (FEM) model for a medium span 4-span bridge designed for five different rock classes and subjected to an ensemble of actual ground motions. Non-linear behavior of reinforced concrete pier column was modeled for material and geometric non-linearity and incorporated in the overall analysis scheme by equivalent linear model while SSI was included through Winkler springs. The results of the study were evaluated to delineate the effect of SSI and pier column non-linearity on seismic response parameters of bridges founded on shallow foundations in rock strata. It was found that the SSI cannot be neglected in all cases of rock classes and input ground motions. Furthermore, pier column non-linearity influenced bridge displacement and base shear much more significantly than SSI and should not be ignored in the seismic modeling and analysis of these bridges.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AASHTO (2010). AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications, Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
Bentley Systems, Inc., (2015). STAAD V8i, 3D structural analysis and design engineering software, Exton, PA.
Bieniawski, Z. T. (1974). “Geomechanics classification of rock masses and its application in tunnelling.” Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Rock Mechanics, ISRM, Denver, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 27–32.
Carmichael, R. S. (1989). Practical handbook of physical properties of rocks and minerals, CRC press, Boca Raton, FL.
Chaudhary, M. T. A., Abe, M., and Fujino, Y. (2001b). “Identification of soil-structure interaction effect in base-isolated bridges from earthquake records.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 713–725, DOI: 10.1016/S0267-7261(01)00042-2.
Chaudhary, M. T. A. (2004). ”Influence of pier stiffness degradation on SSI in base-isolated bridges.” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 287–296, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2004) 9:3(287).
Chaudhary, M. T. A., Abe, M., and Fujino, Y. (2001a). “Performance evaluation of base-isolated Yama-age bridge with high damping rubber bearings using recorded seismic data.” Engineering Structures, Vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 902–910, DOI:10.1016/S0141-0296(00)00117-6.
Chen, X. C. and Lai, Y. M. (2003). “Seismic response of bridge piers on elasto-plastic Winkler foundation allowed to uplift.” Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 266, No. 5, pp. 957–965, DOI: 10.1016/S0022-460X(02)01382-2.
Ciampoli, M. and Pinto, P. (1995). “Effects of soil-structure interaction on inelastic seismic response of bridge piers.” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 121, No. 5, pp. 806–814, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE) 0733-9445(1995)121:5(806).
De Carlo, G., Dolce, M., and Liberatore, D. (2000). “Influence of soilstructure interaction on the seismic response of bridge piers.” Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, Paper number 438.
Fraino, M., Ventura, C. E., Liam Finn, W. D., and Taiebat, M. (2012). “Seismic soil-structure interaction effects in instrumented bridges.” Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
Gagnon, D., Léger, P., Tremblay, R., and Latendresse, V. (2010). “Pile foundation modeling for seismic analysis of highway bridges located in Eastern North America.” 17th Seminar on Advances in Research on Structures in Quebec, Quebec City, Canada.pp. 21–1~21-10.
Gazetas, G. (1991). “Formulas and charts for impedances of surface and embedded foundations.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 9, pp. 1363–1381, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991) 117:9(1363).
Jaeger, J. C., Cook, N. G., and Zimmerman, R. (2007). Fundamentals of rock mechanics, 4th Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 488 pp.
Kalkan, E. and Kwong, N. S. (2011). “Assessment of modal-pushoverbased scaling procedure for nonlinear response history analysis of ordinary standard bridges.” Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 272–288, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000259.
Mylonakis, G. and Gazetas, G. (2000). “Seismic soil-structure interaction: Beneficial or detrimental?.” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 277–301, DOI: 10.1142/S1363246900000175.
Mylonakis, G., Nikolaou, S., and Gazetas, G. (2006). “Footings under seismic loading: Analysis and design issues with emphasis on bridge foundations.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 9, pp. 824–853, DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.12.005.
NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program) (2009). FEMA P695: Recommended methodology for quantification of building system performance and response parameters, Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, CA.
Ni, P., Petrini, L., and Paolucci, R. (2014). “Direct displacement-based assessment with nonlinear soil–structure interaction for multi-span reinforced concrete bridges.” Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 1211–1227, DOI: 10.1080/15732479.2013.802813.
Padgett, J. E., Nielson, B. G., and DesRoches, R. (2008). “Selection of optimal intensity measures in probabilistic seismic demand models of highway bridge portfolios.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 711–725, DOI: 10.1002/eqe.782.
PEER (2014). PEER ground motion database [Online] Available at: http://peer.berkeley.edu/peer_ground_motion_database, [Accessed June 2014].
Rahai, A. and Nafari, S. F. (2013). “A comparison between lumped and distributed plasticity approaches in the pushover analysis results of a PC frame bridge.” Int. J. Civil Eng., Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 217–225, http://ijce.iust.ac.ir/files/site1/user_files_6k93w6/eng/rahai-A-10-145-2-a572e3816.pdf.
Raheem, S. E. A., Hayashikawa, T., and Hashimoto, I. (2003). “Effects of soil-foundation-superstructure interaction on seismic response of cable-stayed bridges tower with spread footing foundation.” Journal of Structural Engineering, JSCE, Vol. 49A, No. 2, pp. 475–486.
Saadeghvaziri, M. A., Yazdani-Motlagh, A. R., and Rashidi, S. (2000). “Effects of soil-structure interaction on longitudinal seismic response of MSSS bridges.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 1–3, pp. 231–242, DOI: 10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00056-7.
Serafim, J. L. and Pereira, J. P. (1983). “Considerations of the Geomechanics Classification of Bieniawski.” Proceedings of the International Symposium of Engineering Geology and Underground Construction, Lisbon, pp. 1133–1144.
Somaini, D. R. (1984). “Parametric study on soil-structure interaction of bridges with shallow foundations.” Proceedings of the 8th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, CA,Vol. 3, pp. 785–792.
Spyrakos, C. C. (1990). “Assessment of SSI on the longitudinal seismic response of short span bridges.” Engineering Structures, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 60–66, DOI: 10.1016/0141-0296(90)90038-T.
Strenk, P. M. and Wartman, J. (2011). “Comparison of dynamic response from equivalent-linear and cyclic non-linear model of hysteretic soil behavior.” In Sainsbury, Hart, Detournay & Nelson (eds), Continuum and Distinct Element Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics 2011, Paper 9–01, Melbourne, Australia, CDROM.
Tezcan, S. S., Ozdemir, Z., and Keceli, A. (2009). “Seismic technique to determine the allowable bearing pressure for shallow foundations in soils and rocks.” Acta Geophysica, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 400–412, DOI: 10.2478/s11600-008-0077-z.
Toh, J. C. W., Pender, M. J., and McCully, R. (2011). “Implications of soil variability for performance based shallow foundation design.” Proc. 9th Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, pp. 14–16.
Vlassis, A. G. and Spyrakos, C. C. (2001). “Seismically isolated bridge piers on shallow soil stratum with soil–structure interaction.” Computers & Structures, Vol. 79, No. 32, pp. 2847–2861, DOI: 10.1016/S0045-7949(01)00105-5.
Wyllie, D. C. (1999). Foundations on Rock, Routledge, New York, N.Y., 401 pp.
Zhang, J. and Tang, Y. (2006). “Evaluating radiation damping of shallow foundations on nonlinear soil medium for soil-structure interaction analysis of bridges.” US-Japan Bridge Engineering Workshop, Seattle, WA.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chaudhary, M.T.A. Seismic response of bridges supported on shallow rock foundations considering SSI and pier column inelasticity. KSCE J Civ Eng 21, 285–295 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0352-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0352-5