Abstract
This paper presents a parametric investigation into lateral performance analysis of Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs) having in-plane eccentricities at the connection of their braces. Nonlinear behavior analyses of a single bay, two-story steel frames with single diagonal concentric braces are taken as numerical examples. Static pushover analyses is carried out to show the impact of eccentricity values (5, 10, and 15 cm), location of the meeting point of brace and frame member axes, and the angle of brace with respect to beam axis. Finite element modeling of the whole members is conducted. Fine meshes are used in regions where inelastic deformations are expected. Numerical results show that in-plane eccentricities can be acceptable within a safe region (max. 10 cm for this specific case). However, no safe region exists for in-plane eccentricity in columns since the strength loss may be significant. Stiffeners are recommended in column web to reduce the strength loss. Their impact is less in strength loss but high in plastic strain developed in the critical region. Eccentricities have positive or negative effects on seismic behavior depending on the geometric properties of the frame, type of eccentricity and bracing configuration.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) (2010). Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings, Chicago, IL, USA.
ANSYS User’s Manual (2006). Elements, volume III, Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc.
Astaneh-Asl, A. (1998). Seismic behavior and design of steel gusset plates, Steel Tips, AISC.
Astaneh-Asl, A. (1999). “Cyclic tests and seismic design of steel gusset plate in buildings.” Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering(SEE3), Tehran, Iran.
Astaneh-Asl, A. and Goel, S. C. (1990). “Cyclic in-plane buckling of double angle bracing.” Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, Vol. 110, No. 9, pp. 1135–1153.
Astaneh-Asl A., Subhash, A. M., and Hanson, R. D. (1984). “Cyclic out-of-plane buckling of double angle bracing.” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 111, No. 5, Paper No. 197–7.
ATC 24 (1992). Guidelines for cyclic seismic testing of components of steel structures, Applied Technology Council.
Gross, J. L. and Cheock, G. (1988). Experimental study of gusseted connections for laterally braced steel building, National Institute of Standard and Technology Gathersburg, Maryland.
Hosseini Hashemi B., Behnamfar F., and Ranjbaran, F. (2008). “Effects of local eccentricity of connecting braces on nonlinear behavior of steel concentric brace connections.” Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (JSSE), Vol. 10, No. 2. pp. 91–99.
Huh, J., Haldar, A., and Cho, H. (2001). “Seismic risk analysis of frames with uncertain support and PR connection conditions.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering KSCE, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 329–338, DOI: 10.1007/BF02829107.
Huh, J., Haldar, A., and Lee, S. (2005). Reliability evaluation of realistic structures using FEM.
Huh, J., Haldar, A., and Seo, S. (1998). “SFEM-based reliability analysis of frames with uncertain support and connection conditions.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering KSCE, Vol. 3, No. l, pp. 27–36.
Iran Steel Design Code (2009). Manual of connection in steel frame buildings, Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning Tehran, Iran.
Joshi, S., Price, J. W. H., and Dayawansa, D. P. (2010a). “Influence of variations in geometric parameters and an alternative design for improved fatigue life of a mining dragline joint.” Engineering Structures, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 1333–1340.
Joshi, S., Semetay, C., Price, J. W. H. and Nied, H. F. (2010)b. “Weldinduced residual stresses in a prototype dragline cluster and comparison with design codes.” Thin-Walled Structures, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 89–102.
Lehman, D., Roeder, C., Herman, D., Johnson, S., and Kotulka, B. (2008). “Improved seismic performance of gusset plate connections.” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 6, pp. 890–901.
Martinez-Saucedo, G., Packer, J. A., and Christopoulos, C. (2008). “Gusset plate connections to circular hollow section braces under inelastic cyclic loading.” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 7, pp. 1252–1258.
Rabinovitch, J. S. and Cheng, J. J. R. (1993). Cyclic behaviour of steel gusset plate connections, Structural Engineering Report No. 191, Edmonton (Alta) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta.
Richard, R. M. (1986). “Analysis of large bracing connection designs for heavy construction.” National Steel Construction Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Steel Construction Chicago, Illinois, pp. 31.7–31.4.
Shaback, B. and Brown, T. (2003). “Behaviour of square hollow structural steel braces with end connections under reversed cyclic axial loading.” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 745–53.
Yoo, J. H., Roeder, C., and Lehman, D. (2008a). “Analytical performance simulation of special concentrically braced frames.” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 6, pp. 881–889.
Yoo, J. H., Roeder, C., and Lehman, D. (2008b). “Influence of connection design parameters on the seismic performance of braced frames.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 607–23.
Zahrai, S. M. (2009). Using vertical shear link beam in typical steel buildings, BHRC (Building & Housing Research Center) Press, p. 2–0.
Zahrai, S. M. and Heidarzadeh, M. (2007). “Destructive effects of the 2003 bam earthquake on structures.” Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 329–342.
Zhang, W., Huanga, M., Zhang, Y., and Sunb, Y. (2011). “Cyclic behavior studies on I-section inverted V-braces and their gusset plate connections.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 407–420.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zahrai, S.M., Bolandi, H. Towards lateral performance of CBF with unwanted eccentric connection: A finite element modeling approach. KSCE J Civ Eng 18, 1421–1428 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0094-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0094-1