Skip to main content
Log in

Effectiveness of Electronic Aids for Smoking Cessation

  • Smoking and Lifestyle (R Huxley, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tobacco use continues to be the leading cause of preventable death in the world, and though current evidence-based approaches have substantially reduced rates of smoking, these rates remain disturbingly high. Two recent technological advancements, the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) and mobile health (mHealth) interventions, may offer smokers an alternative way to quit smoking. E-cigarettes continue to be fiercely debated. Preliminary evidence suggests that e-cigarettes are likely much safer than regular cigarettes and are helpful to some smokers as a means of reducing or quitting smoking. Questions, however, still remain as to how they will affect overall public health—if they will be used as a “gateway” product or reduce motivation to quit smoking, to name but a few. Similarly, mHealth interventions appear to be effective and accepted by users. However, mobile ‘apps’ have yet to be tested in randomized trials and there are concerns about violations of users privacy and state jurisdictions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Fact's and Figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsfigures/cancerfactsfigures/cancer-facts-figures-2013. Accessed July 5, 2013.

  2. Center for Disease and Control. Tobacco-related mortality. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/tobacco_related_mortality/. Accessed July 1, 2013.

  3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing tobacco use among youth and young adults : a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health: Washington, DC. 2012. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/preventing-youthtobacco-use/. Accessed Oct 2, 2013.

  4. Balogh E, Patlak M, Nass SJ. Reducing tobacco-related cancer incidence and mortality: workshop summary. National Cancer Policy Forum: Board on Health Care Services: Institute of Medicine. 2012. http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Disease/NCPF/2012-JUN-11.aspx. Accessed Oct 2, 2013.

  5. Öberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, et al. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011;377:139–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Carpenter MJ, Jardin BF, Burris JL, et al. Clinical strategies to enhance the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: a review of the literature. Drugs. 2013;73:407–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Center for Disease Control. Current cigarette smoking among adults aged 18 and over, by sex, race, and age: United States, selected years 1965–2011. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2012.htm - 054. Accessed July 1, 2013.

  8. Wilson LM, Avila Tang E, Chander G, et al. Impact of tobacco control interventions on smoking initiation, cessation, and prevalence: a systematic review. J Environmen Pub Health. 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/961724.

  9. World Health Organization. Tobacco free initiative: Tobacco Facts. 2013. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/tobacco_facts/en/index.htm. Accessed June 14, 2013.

  10. Warner KE, Mendez D. Tobacco control policy in developed countries: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12:876–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gilbert HA. Smokeless non-tobacco cigarette. Google Patents; 1965.

  12. Yamin CK, Bitton A, Bates DW. E-cigarettes: a rapidly growing Internet phenomenon. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:607–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Caponnetto P, Polosa R, Russo C, et al. Successful smoking cessation with electronic cigarettes in smokers with a documented history of recurring relapses: a case series. J Med Case Rep. 2011;5:1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Laugesen M. Second safety report on the Ruyan e-cigarette. Cell. 2008;27:4375.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hon L. A non-smokable electronic spray cigarette (CA 2518174) {Patent notice}. In: Record CPO, editor. 2005;133.

  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Regulation of E-Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products. 2011. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm252360.htm. Accessed June 20, 2013

  17. Cobb NK, Abrams DB. E-cigarette or drug-delivery device? Regulating novel nicotine products. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cobb NK, Abrams DB. Commentary on Wagener et al. (2012): laissez–faire regulation: turning back the clock on the Food and Drug Administration and public health. Addiction. 2012;107:1552–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wagener TL, Siegel M, Borrelli B. Electronic cigarettes: achieving a balanced perspective. Addiction. 2012;107:1545–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wagener TL, Siegel M, Borrelli B. Let's keep our eye on the ball: reducing tobacco-related harm. Addiction. 2012;107:1554–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Dawkins L, Turner J, Roberts A, et al. ‘Vaping’ profiles and preferences: an online survey of electronic cigarette users. Addiction. 2013;108:1115–25.

    Google Scholar 

  22. McQueen A, Tower S, Sumner W. Interviews with “vapers”: implications for future research with electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13:860–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. UBS Investment Research. US Tobacco: clearing the smoke on e-cigarettes. Global Equity Research. 2012. http://www.stevevape.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Clearing-the-Smoke-on-E-Cigarettes.pdf. Accessed Oct 2, 2013.

  24. Adkison SE, O'Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M, et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey. Am J Prev Med. 2013;44:207–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Choi K, Forster J. Characteristics associated with awareness, perceptions, and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems among young US Midwestern adults. Am J Public Health. 2013;103:556–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sutfin EL, McCoy TP, Morrell HE, et al. Electronic cigarette use by college students. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;131:214–21.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Flouris AD, Chorti MS, Poulianiti KP, et al. Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal Toxicol. 2013;25:91–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Vardavas CI, Anagnostopoulos N, Kougias M, et al. Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette. Chest. 2012;141:1400–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2013. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859.

  30. Cameron JM, Howell DN, White JR, et al. Variable and potentially fatal amounts of nicotine in e-cigarette nicotine solutions. Tob Control. 2013. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050604.

  31. Etter JF, Zäther E, Svensson S. Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. Addiction. 2013;108:1671–9.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Goniewicz ML, Kuma T, Gawron M, et al. Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15:158–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Vansickel AR, Weaver MF, Eissenberg T. Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette. Addiction. 2012;107:1493–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Vansickel AR, Eissenberg T. Electronic cigarettes: effective nicotine delivery after acute administration. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15:267–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bullen C, McRobbie H, Thornley S, et al. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: randomized cross-over trial. Tob Control. 2010;19:98–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Dawkins L, Turner J, Hasna S, et al. The electronic-cigarette: effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition. Addict Behav. 2012;37:970–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pomerleau CS, Kurth CL. Willingness of female smokers to tolerate postcessation weight gain. J Subst Abus. 1996;8:371–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Caponnetto P, Auditore R, Russo C, et al. Impact of an electronic cigarette on smoking reduction and cessation in schizophrenic smokers: a prospective 12-month pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10:446–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. •• Caponnetto P, Campagna D, Cibella F, et al. Efficiency and safety of an electronic cigarette (ECLAT) as Tobacco Cigarettes Substitute: a prospective 12-month randomized control design study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e66317. This study also showed that in a sample of smokers, uninterested in quitting, who were instructed to use the e-cigarette ad libitum, 8.7% of smokers had remained quit at 52-weeks with some participants still using e-cigarettes.

  40. •• Polosa R, Caponnetto P, Morjaria J, et al. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-Cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation: a prospective 6-month pilot study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:786. This study showed that in a sample of smokers, uninterested in quitting, who were instructed to use the e-cigarette ad libitum, a majority of smokers reduced or completely quit regular cigarettes.

  41. Etter JF, Bullen C. Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction. 2011;106:2017–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Polosa R, Benowitz NL. Treatment of nicotine addiction: present therapeutic options and pipeline developments. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011;32:281–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Barbeau AM, Burda J, Siegel M. Perceived efficacy of e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therpay among successful e-cigarette users: a qualitative approach. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2013;8:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Hua M, Alfi M, Talbot P. Health-related effects reported by electronic cigarette users in online forums. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15:e59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hua M, Yip H, Talbot P. Mining data on usage of electronic internet deliver systems (ENDS) from YouTube videos. Tob Control. 2013;22:103–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. King BA, Alam S, Promoff G, et al. Awareness and ever use of electronic cigarettes among US adults, 2010–2011. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;103:556–61.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Pepper JK, Reiter PL, McRee AL, et al. Adolescent males' awareness of and willingness to try electronic cigarettes. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52:144–50.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Goniewicz ML, Zielinska-Danch. Electronic cigarette use among teenagers and young adults in Poland. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e879–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Pearson JL, Richardson A, Niaura RS, et al. E-cigarette awareness, use, and harm perceptions in US adults. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:1758–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Regan AK, Promoff G, Dub SR, et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: adult use and awareness of the 'e-cigarette' in the USA. Tob Control. 2013;22:19–23.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Seidenberg AB, Hong W, Liu J, et al. Availability and range of tobacco products for sale in Massachusetts pharmacies. Tob Control. 2013. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050591.

  52. Dawkins L, Turner J, Crowe E. Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers. Psychopharmacology. 2012;227:377–84.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Flouris AD, Poulianiti KP, Chorti MS, et al. Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50:3600–3.

    Google Scholar 

  54. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. mHealth initiative. Available at: http://www.hhs.gov/open/initiatives/mhealth/. Accessed June 28, 2013.

  55. The Community Preventive Services Task Force. Reducing tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure: mobile phone-based cessation interventions. Available at: http://www.thecommunityguide.org/tobacco/RRmobilephone.html. Accessed June 24, 2013.

  56. Borland R, Balmford J, Benda P. Population–level effects of automated smoking cessation help programs: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2013;108:618–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Naughton F, Prevost AT, Gilbert H, et al. Randomized controlled trial evaluation of a tailored leaflet and SMS text message self-help intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit). Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14:569–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. • Whittaker R, McRobbie H, Bullen C, et al. Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11, CD006611. This review article provides an overview of studies examining the effectiveness of mHealth interventions for smoking cessation.

  59. Free C, Knight R, Robertson S, et al. Smoking cessation support delivered via mobile phone text messaging (txt2stop): a single-blind, randomized trial. Lancet. 2011;378:49–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Naughton F, Jamison J, Sutton S. Attitudes towards SMS text message smoking cessation support: a qualitative study of pregnant smokers. Health Educ Res. 2013;28:911–22.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Devries KM, Kenward MG, Free CJ. Preventing smoking relapse using text messages: analysis of data from the txt2stop trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15:77–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Whittaker R, Dorey E, Bramley D, et al. A theory-based video messaging mobile phone intervention for smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13:61–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Haug S, Meyer C, Schorr G, et al. Continuous individual support of smoking cessation using text messaging: a pilot experimental study. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11:915–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Abroms LC, Padmanabhan N, Thaweethai L, et al. iPhone apps for smoking cessation: a content analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40:279–85.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Devires KM, Kenward MG, Free CJ. Preventing smoking relapse using text messages: analysis of data from txt2stop trial. Nicotine Tob Research. 2013;15:77–82.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Patrick K, Griswold WG, Raab F, et al. Health and the mobile phone. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35:177–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Shihadeh AL, Eissenberg T. Factors influencing the toxicant content of electronic cigarette vapor: device characteristics and puff topography. Poster presented at The 19th Annual Meeting for The Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Boston, MA. 2013.

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Erik Augustson, PhD for his assistance and expertise regarding the mHealth portion of this paper.

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Ellen Meier declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Alayna P. Tackett declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Theodore L. Wagener declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Theodore L. Wagener.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Meier, E., Tackett, A.P. & Wagener, T.L. Effectiveness of Electronic Aids for Smoking Cessation. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 7, 464–472 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-013-0343-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-013-0343-8

Keywords

Navigation