Abstract
In 2019, a vast oil spill reached more than 4,000 km of the Brazilian coast, leading to an urgent action, which included the assessment of seafood safety from the affected areas. The aim of our study was the development, optimization, validation, and application of a fast, sensible, and reliable method to determine eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seafood. The sample preparation was based on pressurized liquid extraction using a hard cap coffee machine and subsequent quantitation by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization source (LC-APCI-MS/MS). The method performance was verified in accordance to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC in terms of selectivity, linearity (R2 > 0.95), precision (CV < 21%), accuracy (75–115%), decision limit, and detection capability. The analytical limits were set to 0.9–1.25 µg kg−1 (limits of detection) and 1.25–5.00 µg kg−1 (limits of quantitation). The method was applied to more than a hundred of seafood samples. Concentrations of benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and indene[1,2,3-cd]pyrene ranged from < LOQ to 156 µg kg−1. Benzo[a]anthracene (41.7%), benzo[a]pyrene (41.7%), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (37,5%) were the most frequent PAH, ranging from < LOQ to 113 µg kg−1. The analyzed samples showed PAH concentrations below the concern levels established by the Brazilian regulatory agency and below the limits established by European Union. Risk assessment was performed to evaluate the daily dietary intake of seafood and the carcinogenic potential of the measured levels, based on Brazilian seafood consumption profile, PAHs levels, and toxicity equivalent factors.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Rafael Pissinatti for analytical standards supply and Fabiano Barreto for the given support for the project leading to this publication.
Funding
This research was supported by Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento – Brasil (MAPA) and by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001.
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Ana Paula Zapelini de Melo: conceptualization, data curation, validation, investigation, writing—original draft. Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff: methodology, data curation, validation, writing—original draft. Luciano Molognoni: data curation, validation, formal analysis, writing—original draft. Cristian Rafael Kleemann: investigation, data curation, validation. Thais de Oliveira: validation, investigation. Luan Valdemiro Alves de Oliveira: validation, investigation. Heitor Daguer: supervision, project administration, writing—review and editing. Pedro Luiz Manique Barreto: supervision, writing—review and editing.
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Ana Paula Zapelini de Melo declares no competing interests. Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff declares no competing interests. Luciano Molognoni declares no competing interests. Cristian Rafael Kleemann declares no competing interests. Thais de Oliveira declares no competing interests. Luan Valdemiro Alves de Oliveira declares no competing interests. Heitor Daguer declares no competing interests. Pedro Luiz Manique Barreto declares no competing interests.
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de Melo, A.P.Z., Hoff, R.B., Molognoni, L. et al. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seafood by PLE-LC-APCI-MS/MS and Preliminary Risk Assessment of the Northeast Brazil Oil Spill. Food Anal. Methods 15, 1826–1842 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02252-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02252-z