Abstract
In this paper, we propose a simple and sensitive colorimetric sensing strategy for protein identification. The sensing array utilizes 3,3′,5,5′ tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the colorimetric sensing probe and three single-stranded (ss) DNA strands (15A, 15C, and 15T) as sensing elements. After adding protein, various interactions between DNA and protein result in differences in the amount of ssDNA remaining on the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). It is well known that AgNPs have a strong catalytic ability toward the reaction between TMB and H2O2. Different amounts of ssDNA strands bound to AgNPs lead to diverse changes in the catalytic activity of AgNPs, which leads to different color and absorbance variations of the oxidized TMB solutions. These colorimetric responses as “fingerprints” were processed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to identify these target proteins. The sensing array can quantitatively identify lysozyme (Lys), Y-globin (Y-Glb), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), bovine liver peroxidase (Gat), trypsin (Try), human serum protein (HSA), pepsin (Pep), and ovalbumin (Alb) in the 1–400 nM, 1–1000 nM, 1–1000 nM, 50–700 nM, 1–400 nM, 1–400 nM, 1–700 nM, and 50–700 nM concentration ranges, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anzenbacher P Jr, Lubal P, Bucek P, Palacios MA, Kozelkova ME (2010) A practical approach to optical cross-reactive sensor arrays. Chem Soc Rev 39:3954–3979
Baggerly KA, Morris JS, Coombes KR (2004) Reproducibility of SELDI-TOF protein patterns in serum: comparing datasets from different experiments. Bioinformatics 20:777–785
Cao Y, Zhang LJ, Huang XY, Xin YH, Ding LP (2016) Discrimination of Metalloproteins by a Mini Sensor Array Based on Bispyrene Fluorophore/Surfactant Aggregate Ensembles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:35650–35659
Chen S, Wei L, Chen XW, Wang JH (2015) Suspension array of ionic liquid or ionic liquid-quantum dots conjugates for the discrimination of proteins and bacteria. Anal Chem 87:10902–10909
Chou SS, De M, Luo J, Rotello VM, Huang J, Dravid VP (2012) Nanoscale graphene oxide (nGO) as artificial receptors: implications for biomolecular interactions and sensing. J Am Chem Soc 134:16725–16733
Craft ES, Abu-Qare AW, Flaherty MM, Garofolo MC, Rincavage HL, Abou-Donia MBJ (2004) Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects. Toxicol Environ Health Part B 7:297–317
Fahimi-Kashani N, Hormozi-Nezhad MR (2016) Gold-nanoparticle-based colorimetric sensor array for discrimination of organophosphate pesticides. Anal Chem 88:8099–8106
Gao L, Zhuang J, Nie L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Gu N, Wang T, Feng J, Yang D, Perrett S, Yan X (2007) Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Nat Nanotechnol 2:577–583
Gillette MA, Carr SA (2013) Quantitative analysis of peptides and proteins in biomedicine by targeted mass spectrometry. Nat Methods 10:28–34
He G, Luo W, Li P, Remmers C, Netzer WJ, Hendrick J, Bettayeb K, Flajolet M, Gorelick F, Wennogle LP, Greengard P (2010) Gamma-secretase activating protein is a therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 467:95–98
He W, Luo L, Liu Q, Chen Z (2018) Colorimetric sensor array for discrimination of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution based on three kinds of thiols as receptors. Anal Chem 90:4770–4775
Lei C, Dai H, Fu Y, Ying Y, Li Y (2016) Colorimetric sensor array for thiols discrimination based on urease-metal ion pairs. Anal Chem 88:8542–8547
Lei G, Gao PF, Yang T, Zhou J, Zhang HZ, Sun SS, Gao MX, Huang CZ (2017) Photoinduced electron transfer process visualized on single silver nanoparticles. ACS Nano 11:2085–2093
Lequin RM (2005) Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clin Chem 51:2415–2418
Li JN, Zhang Z, Rosenzweig J (2002) Proteomics and bioinformatics approaches for identification of serum biomarkers to detect breast cancer. Clin Chem 48:1296–1304
Li XN, Wen F, Creran B, Jeong Y, Zhang XR, Rotello VM (2012) Colorimetric protein sensing using catalytically amplified sensor arrays. Small 8:3589–3592
Li C, Wu P, Hou X (2016) Plasma-assisted quadruple-channel optosensing of proteins and cells with Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots. Nanoscale 8:4291–4298
Li Z, Askim JR, Suslick KS (2019) The optoelectronic nose: colorimetric and fluorometric sensor arrays. Chem Rev 119:231–292
Lin H, Suslick KS (2010) A colorimetric sensor array for detection of triacetone triperoxide vapor. J Am Chem Soc 132:15519–15521
Liu Y, Perez L, Gill AD, Mettry M, Li L, Wang Y, Hooley RJ, Zhong W (2017) Site-selective sensing of histone methylation enzyme activity via an arrayed supramolecular tandem assay. J Am Chem Soc 139:10964–10967
Liu Y, Gill AD, Duan Y, Perez L, Hooley RJ, Zhong W (2019) A supramolecular sensor array for selective immunoglobulin deficiency analysis. Chem Commun 55:11563–11566
Lu Y, Kong H, Wen F, Zhang S, Zhang X (2013a) Lab-on-graphene: graphene oxide as a triple-channel sensing device for protein discrimination. Chem Commun 49:81–83
Lu Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang S, Zhang S, Zhang X (2013b) Aptamer-based plasmonic sensor array for discrimination of proteins and cells with the naked eye. Anal Chem 85:6571–6574
Pei H, Li J, Lv M, Wang J, Gao J, Lu J, Li Y, Huang Q, Hu J, Fan C (2012) A graphene-based sensor array for high-precision and adaptive target identification with ensemble aptamers. J Am Chem Soc 134:13843–13849
Qiao LN, Qian SH, Wang YH, Yan SF, Lin HW (2018) Carbon-dots-based lab-on-a-nanoparticle approach for the detection and differentiation of antibiotics. Chem Eur J 24:4703–4709
Song Y, Wang X, Zhao C, Qu K, Ren J, Qu X (2010) Label-free colorimetric detection of single nucleotide polymorphism by using single-walled carbon nanotube intrinsic peroxidase-like activity. Chem Eur J 16:3617–3621
Sun W, Lu Y, Mao J, Chang N, Yang J, Liu Y (2015) Multidimensional sensor for pattern recognition of proteins based on DNA-Gold nanoparticles conjugates. Anal Chem 87:3354–3359
Sun S, Jiang K, Qian S, Wang Y, Lin H (2017) Applying carbon dots-metal ions ensembles as a multichannel fluorescent sensor array: detection and discrimination of phosphate anions. Anal Chem 89:5542–5548
Ulrich KH (2013) Molecular and practical aspects of the enzymatic properties of human serum albumin and of albumin-ligand complexes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1830:5535–5544
Wang S, Chen W, Liu AL, Hong L, Deng HH, Lin XH (2012) Comparison of the peroxidase-like activity of unmodified, amino-modified, and citrate-capped gold nanoparticles. ChemPhysChem 13:1199–1204
Wang GL, Xu X, Wu X, Cao G, Dong Y, Li Z (2014) Visible-light-stimulated enzymelike activity of graphene oxide and its application for facile glucose sensing. J Phys Chem C 118:28109–28117
Wei H, Wang E (2008) Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as peroxidase mimetics and their applications in H2O2 and glucose detection. Anal Chem 80:2250–2254
Wei XC, Chen ZB, Tan LL, Lou TH, Zhao Y (2017) DNA-catalytically active gold nanoparticle conjugates-based colorimetric multidimensional sensor array for protein discrimination. Anal Chem 89:556–559
Wu P, Miao LN, Wang HF, Shao XG, Yan XP (2011) A multidimensional sensing device for the discrimination of proteins based on manganese-doped ZnS quantum dots. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:8118–8121
Xi HY, Li X, Liu QY, Chen ZB (2018) Cationic polymer-based plasmonic sensor array that discriminates proteins. Analyst 143:5578–5582
Xie J, Zhang X, Wang H, Zheng H, Huang Y, Xie J (2012) Analytical and environmental applications of nanoparticles as enzyme mimetics. Trac-Trends Anal Chem 39:114–129
Xu L, Hunter ZR, Yang G (2013) MYD88 L265P in Waldenström macroglobulinemia, immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy, and other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders using conventional and quantitative allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. Blood 121:2051–2058
Xu S, Lu X, Yao C, Huang F, Jiang H, Hua W, Na N, Liu H, Ouyang J (2014) A visual sensor array for pattern recognition analysis of proteins using novel blue-emitting fluorescent gold nanoclusters. Anal Chem 86:11634–11639
Xu QF, Zhang YH, Tang B, Zhang CY (2016) Multicolor quantum dot-based chemical nose for rapid and array-free differentiation of multiple proteins. Anal Chem 88:2051–2058
Xu SH, Wu YF, Sun XM, Wang ZQ, Luo XL (2017) A multicoloured Au NCs based cross-reactive sensor array for discrimination of multiple proteins. J Mater Chem B 5:4207–4213
You CC, Miranda OR, Gider B, Ghosh PS, Kim IB, Erdogan B, Krovi SA, Bunz UH, Rotello VM (2007) Detection and identification of proteins using nanoparticle-fluorescent polymer ‘chemical nose’ sensors. Nat Nanotechnol 2:318–323
Yuan ZQ, Du Y, Tseng YT, Peng MH, Cai N, He Y, Chang HT, Yeung ES (2015) Fluorescent gold nanodots based sensor array for proteins discrimination. Anal Chem 87:4253–4259
Zhu Q, Xiong W, Gong Y, Zheng Y, Che Y, Zhao J (2017) Discrimination of five classes of explosives by a fluorescence array sensor composed of two tricarbazole-nanostructures. Anal Chem 89:11908–11912
Funding
This work was partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Contract No. 51978290), and Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (Contract No. 2019B110209002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
Not applicable.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
ESM 1
(DOCX 1103 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, L., Zhang, L. & Liang, Y. A Simple Visual Strategy for Protein Detection Based on Oxidase-Like Activity of Silver Nanoparticles. Food Anal. Methods 14, 1852–1859 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02011-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02011-6