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Immunochromatographic Assay for Simultaneous and Quantitative Detection of 3-Methyl-Quinoxaline-2-Carboxylic Acid and Quinoxaline-2-Carboxylic Acid Residues in Animal Tissues Based on Highly Luminescent Quantum Dot Beads

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Abstract

Due to their potential adverse effects on human health, the use of carbadox and olaquindox in feedingstuffs was prohibited by the European Union since 1998. In this work, highly luminescent quantum dot beads (QBs) were synthesized by encapsulating CdSe/ZnS and used as novel fluorescent probes in the immunochromatographic assay (ICA) for simultaneous and quantitative determination of metabolites of olaquindox (3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid, MQCA) and carbadox (quinoxaline-2-carboxylic, QCA). The fluorescence intensities of the test lines were recorded using a fluorescence strip reader. The 50% of inhibition for MQCA and QCA was shown to be 8.1 and 10.6 μg L−1, respectively. The whole assay process can be accomplished within 10 min. The immunosensor was used to analyze spiked samples, and analyte intra- and inter-assay recovery rates ranged from 78.7 to 92.2% for MQCA and 80.6 to 95.8% for QCA, and coefficients of variation were all below 12%. The incurred tissues samples were assayed using both QB-based ICA and commercial ELISA kit and were further confirmed with LC-MS/MS. The QB-based ICA results exhibited good agreement with both commercial ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the individuals who helped during the research and would especially like to thank Professor Xudong Cao (Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa) for his suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, 37 Chengzhong Road, University Town, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China

    Yong Xie, Lei Zhang, Qi Sun, Zhihao Zhang & Tao Le

  2. Chongqing College of Electronic Engineering, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China

    Yong Xie

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  1. Yong Xie
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  2. Lei Zhang
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  3. Qi Sun
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  4. Zhihao Zhang
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  5. Tao Le
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tao Le.

Ethics declarations

All animal experiments in this study adhered to the Chongqing Normal University animal experiment center guidelines and were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee (number of the using of Laboratory Animal: SYXK(Yu)2012-0006).

Funding

The work was financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Project of Chongqing China (Project No. cstc2016shmszx80069), the China Scholarship Council (CSC No. 201608505051), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31671939), and the Chongqing Normal University.

Conflict of Interest

Yong Xie declares that he has no conflict of interest. Lei Zhang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Qi Sun declares that he has no conflict of interest. Zhihao Zhang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Tao Le declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human subjects. All animal experiments that were described in the present study were performed in adherence to Chongqing Normal University animal experiment center guidelines and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee.

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Not applicable.

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Xie, Y., Zhang, L., Sun, Q. et al. Immunochromatographic Assay for Simultaneous and Quantitative Detection of 3-Methyl-Quinoxaline-2-Carboxylic Acid and Quinoxaline-2-Carboxylic Acid Residues in Animal Tissues Based on Highly Luminescent Quantum Dot Beads. Food Anal. Methods 11, 334–342 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-1003-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-1003-2

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