Determination of Some Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Bisphenol A in Honey Using Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection

Abstract

In the present study, an extraction, preconcentration, and determination method has been reported for some synthetic phenolic antioxidants and bisphenol A in honey samples using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The main factors influencing the extraction efficiency including extractive solvent type and volume as well as the volume of dispersive solvent, salt addition, and pH are evaluated in this study. Under the optimum extraction conditions, limits of detection and quantification for all target analytes were obtained in the ranges of 0.4–4.7 and 1.3–14 ng g⁻¹, respectively. Enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were in the ranges of 144–186 and 72–93 %, respectively. The method precision was evaluated at 100 ng g⁻¹ of each analyte, and the relative standard deviations were found to be less than 7.6 % for intra-day (n = 6) and less than 8.3 % for inter-days (n = 4). The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of different honey samples and two analytes, butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole, were determined at nanogram per gram level in one honey sample.