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A Review: Role of Fatty Acids Composition in Characterizing Potential Feedstock for Sustainable Green Lubricants by Advance Transesterification Process and its Global as Well as Pakistani Prospective

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Abstract

High demand for crop oils is anticipated in the lubricant industry because of their renewable, non-toxic, environment-friendly nature. Crop oils typically offer high viscosities, viscosity indexes, and flashpoints. The unique structure of crop oils provides good lubrication, high flammability, and anti-corrosion ability. In contrast, petroleum-based lubricants face a difficult future because of declining petroleum reservoirs that will increase their prices. This paper reviews green-lubricant feedstock requirements, the effect of fatty acids composition to improve physicochemical properties, chemical modifications of green lubricants by applying transesterification to find suitable environmentally -friendly and cheaper feedstock to replace petroleum lubricants. Moreover, global and Pakistani indigenous crop oils are also analyzed for their potential use in green lubricants by comparing their fatty acid compositions, characteristics and reaction conditions according to applications and standards. This review discovers that cottonseed oil has great potential as a new sustainable and cheaper feedstock for the global and Pakistani green-lubricant markets. Green lubricant production rate can be enhanced significantly after upgrading the conventional production method. It is believed that this review paper will provide useful information to engineers, researchers, chemists, industrialists, and policymakers, who are interested in green-lubricants synthesis.

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Abbreviations

PCRET:

Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy Technologies

AEDB:

Alternate Energy Development Board

OPEC:

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

APLMA:

Pakistan Lubricant Manufacturers Association

NPG:

Neopentyl glycol

TMP:

Trimethylolpropane

PE:

Pentaerythritol

CSO:

Crop seed Oil

FFA:

Free Fatty Acids

ME:

Methyl Ester

CSOME:

Crop seed oil methyl ester

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Acknowledgments

Authors would like to thank all the members of CFES, especially Md.Nur Ashraf bin Yusoffa, M. Hanul Harith, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia, for their cooperation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Energy Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    M. Gul, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, N. W. M. Zulkifli & M. A. Mujtaba

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College of Engineering and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan

    M. Gul

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, IIUM, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    H. H. Masjuki

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, City Campus Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    M. A. Mujtaba

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  1. M. Gul
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  2. H. H. Masjuki
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  3. M. A. Kalam
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  4. N. W. M. Zulkifli
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  5. M. A. Mujtaba
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Correspondence to M. Gul or H. H. Masjuki.

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Gul, M., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M.A. et al. A Review: Role of Fatty Acids Composition in Characterizing Potential Feedstock for Sustainable Green Lubricants by Advance Transesterification Process and its Global as Well as Pakistani Prospective. Bioenerg. Res. 13, 1–22 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-10040-7

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