Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental Study of Hydrogen Addition on Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel-Diesel-Butanol Fuel Blends in a DI Diesel Engine

  • Published:
BioEnergy Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, the effects of hydrogen addition on diesel-biodiesel-butanol fuel blends were investigated in terms of engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics under different engine operating conditions. The experiments were performed with eight different fuel blends at a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm, which is the maximum torque value of all test fuels. The four operating conditions were at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% engine loads. Hydrogen was delivered to diesel-biodiesel-butanol fuel blends through the intake manifold with different rates of fuel mass consumption. The experiment results were compared with euro diesel and absence of hydrogen addition for all test fuels. The experimental results have revealed that at 2000 rpm engine speed, the brake torque, in-cylinder pressure, and exhaust gas temperature increased with the addition of hydrogen. Nevertheless, the brake-specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke opacity emissions decreased under various engine conditions. The heat release rate was generally shown to be decreased with higher engine loads and increased with lower engine load conditions, while a rise in thermal efficiency was observed. Therefore, the addition of hydrogen in a diesel engine usually exhibited fewer emissions, improved the combustion process, and increased the brake torques of the engine by comparison to the absence of hydrogen addition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ABDC:

After bottom dead center

EVO:

Exhaust valve open

ATDC:

After top dead center

HC:

Hydrocarbon

be :

Effective brake-specific fuel consumption (g/kWh)

HRRmax :

Maximum heat release rate

Be :

Effective fuel consumption (g/h)

ID:

Ignition delay

BBDC:

Before bottom dead center

IT:

Injection time

BP:

Brake power (kW)

IVC:

Intake valve closed

BSFC:

Brake-specific fuel consumption

IVO:

Intake valve open

BTDC:

Before top dead center

LHV:

Lower heating value

B20:

20% biodiesel plus 80% euro diesel (volumetric)

Me:

Effective engine torque (Nm)

B20But5:

20% biodiesel plus 75% euro diesel plus 5% butanol (volumetric)

n:

Engine speed (rpm)

B20But5 + H2 :

20% biodiesel plus 75% euro diesel plus 5% butanol (volumetric) + hydrogen

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

B20But10:

20% biodiesel plus 70% euro diesel plus 10% butanol (volumetric)

NO:

Nitrogen monoxide

B20But10 + H2 :

20% biodiesel plus 70% euro diesel plus 10% butanol (volumetric) + hydrogen

NOx :

Nitrogen oxides

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

P:

Cylinder pressure (bar)

CD:

Combustion duration

Pe:

Effective brake power (kW)

CFPP:

Cold filter plugging point

PM:

Particulate matter

CI:

Compression ignition

ppm:

Parts per million

CN:

Cetane number

rpm:

Revolution per minute

CO:

Carbon monoxide

Qnet :

Heat value (J)

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

SOC:

Start of combustion

CPmax :

Maximum cylinder pressure

TDC:

Top dead center

D:

Diesel

THC:

Total hydrocarbons

DI:

Direct injection

Tex:

Exhaust gas temperature

D100:

100% euro diesel

WCOME:

Waste cooking oil methyl ester

D100 + H2 :

100% euro diesel+hydrogen

V:

Cylinder volume (m3)

EGT:

Exhaust gas temperature

θ:

Represents crank angle (oCA)

EOC:

End of combustion

γ:

Specific heat the ratio

EVC:

Exhaust valve closed

References

  1. Javed S, Satyanarayana Murthy YVV, Satyanarayana MRS, Rajeswara Reddy R, Rajagopal K (2016) Effect of a zinc oxide nanoparticle fuel additive on the emission reduction of a hydrogen dual-fuelled engine with jatropha methyl ester biodiesel blends. J Clean Prod 137:490–506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sharma P, Dhar A (2018) Effect of hydrogen supplementation on engine performance and emissions. Int J Hydrog Energy 43(15):7570–7580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hosseini SM, Ahmadi R (2017) Performance and emissions characteristics in the combustion of co-fuel diesel-hydrogen in a heavy duty engine. Appl Energy 205:911–925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Doğan O (2011) The influence of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends utilization on a small diesel engine performance and emissions. Fuel 90(7):2467–2472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Han X, Yang Z, Wang M, Tjong J, Zheng M (2017) Clean combustion of n-butanol as a next generation biofuel for diesel engines. Appl Energy 198:347–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Emiroğlu AO, Şen M (2018) Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of various alcohol blends in a single cylinder diesel engine. Fuel 212:34–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Örs I, Sarıkoç S, Atabani AE, Ünalan S, Akansu SO (2018) The effects on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of DICI engine fuelled with TiO 2 nanoparticles addition in diesel/biodiesel/n-butanol blends. Fuel 234:177–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Uyumaz A (2018) Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with mustard oil biodiesel fuel blends at different engine loads. Fuel 212:256–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Miyamoto T, Hasegawa H, Mikami M, Kojima N, Kabashima H, Urata Y (2011) Effect of hydrogen addition to intake gas on combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 36(20):13138–13149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Yilmaz IT, Gumus M (2018) Effects of hydrogen addition to the intake air on performance and emissions of common rail diesel engine. Energy 142:1104–1113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Karagöz Y, Güler İ, Sandalcı T, Yüksek L, Dalkılıç AS (2016) Effect of hydrogen enrichment on combustion characteristics, emissions and performance of a diesel engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 41(1):656–665

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Karagöz Y, Sandalcı T, Yüksek L, Dalkılıç AS (2015) Engine performance and emission effects of diesel burns enriched by hydrogen on different engine loads. Int J Hydrog Energy 40(20):6702–6713

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Koten H (2018) Hydrogen effects on the diesel engine performance and emissions. Int J Hydrog Energy 43(22):10511–10519

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Tarabet L, Lounici MS, Loubar K, Khiari K, Bouguessa R, Tazerout M (2018) Hydrogen supplemented natural gas effect on a DI diesel engine operating under dual fuel mode with a biodiesel pilot fuel. Int J Hydrog Energy 43(11):5961–5971

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Saravanan N, Nagarajan G (2009) An insight on hydrogen fuel injection techniques with SCR system for NOX reduction in a hydrogen–diesel dual fuel engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 34(21):9019–9032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhou JH, Cheung CS, Leung CW (2014) Combustion, performance, regulated and unregulated emissions of a diesel engine with hydrogen addition. Appl Energy 126:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhou JH, Cheung CS, Zhao WZ, Leung CW (2016) Diesel–hydrogen dual-fuel combustion and its impact on unregulated gaseous emissions and particulate emissions under different engine loads and engine speeds. Energy 94:110–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Jhang S-R, Chen K-S, Lin S-L, Lin Y-C, Amesho KTT, Chen C-B (2018) Evaluation of the reduction in carbonyl emissions and ozone formation potential from the exhaust of a heavy-duty diesel engine by hydrogen-diesel dual fuel combustion. Appl Therm Eng 132:586–594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Jhang S-R, Chen K-S, Lin S-L, Lin Y-C, Cheng WL (2016) Reducing pollutant emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine by using hydrogen additions. Fuel 172:89–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Akansu S (2004) Internal combustion engines fueled by natural gas? Hydrogen mixtures. Int J Hydrog Energy 29(14):1527–1539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Dimitriou P, Kumar M, Tsujimura T, Suzuki Y (2018) Combustion and emission characteristics of a hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 43(29):13605–13617

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Holman JP (2012) In: Holman JP (ed) Experimental methods for engineers, 8th edn. McGraw-Hill: Raghothaman Srinivasan

  23. Serin H, Yıldızhan Ş (2018) Hydrogen addition to tea seed oil biodiesel: performance and emission characteristics. Int J Hydrog Energy 43(38):18020–18027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Yesilyurt MK, Eryilmaz T, Arslan M (2018) A comparative analysis of the engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion behaviors of a compression ignition engine fuelled with biodiesel/diesel/1-butanol (C4 alcohol) and biodiesel/diesel/n-pentanol (C5 alcohol) fuel blends. Energy 165:1332–1351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Uludamar E (2018) Effect of hydroxy and hydrogen gas addition on diesel engine fuelled with microalgae biodiesel. Int J Hydrog Energy 43(38):18028–18036

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Yıldızhan Ş, Uludamar E, Çalık A, Dede G, Özcanlı M (2017) Fuel properties, performance and emission characterization of waste cooking oil (WCO) in a variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine. Eur Mech Sci 1(2):56–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Killol A, Reddy N, Paruvada S, Murugan S (2019) Experimental studies of a diesel engine run on biodiesel n-butanol blends. Renew Energy 135:687–700

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bari S, Mohammad Esmaeil M (2010) Effect of H2/O2 addition in increasing the thermal efficiency of a diesel engine. Fuel 89(2):378–383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Canakci M, Hosoz M (2006) Energy and exergy analyses of a diesel engine fuelled with various biodiesels. Energy Sources Part B: Econ Plann Policy 1(4):379–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Dhar A, Kevin R, Agarwal AK (2012) Production of biodiesel from high-FFA neem oil and its performance, emission and combustion characterization in a single cylinder DICI engine. Fuel Process Technol 97:118–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Huang H, Liu Q, Teng W, Pan M, Liu C, Wang Q (2018) Improvement of combustion performance and emissions in diesel engines by fueling n-butanol/diesel/PODE3–4 mixtures. Appl Energy 227:38–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Can Ö (2014) Combustion characteristics, performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with a waste cooking oil biodiesel mixture. Energy Convers Manag 87:676–686

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Özener O, Yüksek L, Ergenç AT, Özkan M (2014) Effects of soybean biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics. Fuel 115:875–883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Alptekin E, Canakci M, Ozsezen AN, Turkcan A, Sanli H (2015) Using waste animal fat based biodiesels–bioethanol–diesel fuel blends in a DI diesel engine. Fuel 157:245–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Can Ö, Öztürk E, Solmaz H, Aksoy F, Çinar C, Yücesu HS (2016) Combined effects of soybean biodiesel fuel addition and EGR application on the combustion and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng 95:115–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Chang Y-C, Lee W-J, Wu TS, Wu C-Y, Chen S-J (2014) Use of water containing acetone–butanol–ethanol for NO x -PM (nitrogen oxide-particulate matter) trade-off in the diesel engine fueled with biodiesel. Energy 64:678–687

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Saravanan N, Nagarajan G, Sanjay G, Dhanasekaran C, Kalaiselvan KM (2008) Combustion analysis on a DI diesel engine with hydrogen in dual fuel mode. Fuel 87(17–18):3591–3599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Köse H, Ciniviz M (2013) An experimental investigation of effect on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions of addition at dual fuel mode of hydrogen. Fuel Process Technol 114:26–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Saravanan N, Nagarajan G (2010) Performance and emission studies on port injection of hydrogen with varied flow rates with diesel as an ignition source. Appl Energy 87(7):2218–2229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. An H, Yang WM, Maghbouli A, Li J, Chou SK, Chua KJ (2013) A numerical study on a hydrogen assisted diesel engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 38(6):2919–2928

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Parthasarathy M, Isaac JoshuaRamesh Lalvani J, Dhinesh B, Annamalai K (2016) Effect of hydrogen on ethanol-biodiesel blend on performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 134(Pt 2):433–439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Sukjit E, Herreros JM, Dearn KD, Tsolakis A, Theinnoi K (2013) Effect of hydrogen on butanol–biodiesel blends in compression ignition engines. Int J Hydrog Energy 38(3):1624–1635

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bose PK, Maji D (2009) An experimental investigation on engine performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine using hydrogen as inducted fuel and diesel as injected fuel with exhaust gas recirculation. Int J Hydrog Energy 34(11):4847–4854

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Barrios CC, Domínguez-Sáez A, Hormigo D (2017) Influence of hydrogen addition on combustion characteristics and particle number and size distribution emissions of a TDI diesel engine. Fuel 199:162–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Erciyes University and Bayburt University, for the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Erciyes University, Turkey and for the financial support under the grant number FOA-2015-5817 and FBA-2017-7704.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayburt University, 69000, Bayburt, Turkey

    Selçuk Sarıkoç

  2. Energy Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey

    Sebahattin Ünalan

  3. Cihanbeyli Vocational School, Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

    İlker Örs

Authors
  1. Selçuk Sarıkoç
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sebahattin Ünalan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. İlker Örs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Selçuk Sarıkoç.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sarıkoç, S., Ünalan, S. & Örs, İ. Experimental Study of Hydrogen Addition on Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel-Diesel-Butanol Fuel Blends in a DI Diesel Engine. Bioenerg. Res. 12, 443–456 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-09980-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-09980-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation