Abstract
We adopt the approach/avoidance framework to examine the effects of core self-evaluation (CSE) on employee creativity. We argue that CSE affects all three components of individual intellectual capital (IIC), namely individual human capital (IHC), individual structural capital (ISC) and individual relational capital (IRC), which subsequently affect employee creativity. We also maintain that CSE exerts more direct influences on incremental creativity than on radical creativity. We surveyed 498 employees and their direct supervisors from various firms in China. Our results fully support the hypotheses. Our study offers new insight into personality, creativity and knowledge research.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmetoglu, G., Dobbs, S., Furnham, A., Crump, J., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Bakhshalian, E. (2016). Dark side of personality, intelligence, creativity, and managerial level. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 391–404.
Alarcon, G. (2009). Relationships between personality variables and burnout: A meta-analysis. Work and Stress, 23(3), 244–263.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Contemporary Sociology, 13(5), 637.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10(10), 123–167.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Nature, 283(5750), 877.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice : A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423.
Arenas, T., Griffiths, P., & Freraut, A. (2013). An individual-centred model of intellectual capital. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intellectual Capital, Knowledge Management & Organizational Learning, 46–53.
Audia, P. G., & Goncalo, J. A. (2007). Past success and creativity over time: A study of inventors in the hard disk drive industry. Management Science, 53(1), 1–15.
Batey, M., & Furnham, A. (2006). Creativity, intelligence, and personality: A critical review of the scattered literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 132(4), 355–429.
Batey, M., Furnham, A., & Safiullina, X. (2010). Intelligence, general knowledge and personality as predictors of creativity. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(5), 532–535.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1988). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Core self-evaluations: A review of the trait and its role in job satisfaction and job performance. European Journal of Personality, 17(S1), S5–S18.
Bontis, N. (2001). Assessing knowledge assets: A review of the models used to measure intellectual capital. International Journal of Management Reviews, 3(1), 41–60.
Carver, C. S., Sutton, S. K., & Scheier, M. F. (2000). Action, emotion, and personality: Emerging conceptual integration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(26), 741–751.
Chang, C. H., Ferris, D. L., Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Tan, J. A. (2012). Core self-evaluations: A review and evaluation of the literature. Journal of Management, 38(1), 81–128.
Chen, M. H., Chang, Y. Y., & Lo, Y. H. (2015). Creativity cognitive style, conflict, and career success for creative entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 906–910.
Chiang, Y. H., Hsu, C. C., & Hung, K. P. (2013). Core self-evaluation and workplace creativity. Journal of Business Research, 67(7), 1405–1413.
Dane, E. (2010). Reconsidering the trade-off between expertise and flexibility: A cognitive entrenchment perspective. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 579–603.
Debusscher, J., Hofmans, J., & De Fruyt, F. (2016). The effect of state core self-evaluations on task performance, organizational citizenship behaviour, and counterproductive work behaviour. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(2), 301–315.
Dewar, R. D., & Dutton, J. E. (1986). The adoption of radical and incremental innovations: An empirical analysis. Management Science, 32(11), 1422–1433.
Ekvall, G. (1997). Organizational conditions and levels of creativity. Creativity and Innovation Management, 6(4), 195–205.
Ferris, D. L., Rosen, C. R., Johnson, R. E., Brown, D. J., Risavy, S. D., & Heller, D. (2011). Approach or avoidance (or both?): Integrating core self-evaluations within an approach/avoidance framework. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 137–161.
Ferris, D. L., Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., Djurdjevic, E., Chang, C. H., & Tan, J. A. (2013). When is success not satisfying? Integrating regulatory focus and approach/avoidance motivation theories to explain the relation between core self-evaluation and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 342–353.
Ferris, D. L., Yan, M., Lim, V. K. G., Chen, Y., & Fatimah, S. (2016). An approach-avoidance framework of workplace aggression. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 44(4), 106–129.
Ford, C. M. (1996). A theory of individual creative action in multiple social domains. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1112–1142.
Furnham, A. (2015). The bright and dark side correlates of creativity: Demographic, ability, personality traits and personality disorders associated with divergent thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 27(1), 39–46.
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331–362.
George, J. M. (2007). Creativity in organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 1(1), 439–477.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2001). When openness to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: An interactional approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 513–524.
Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186–192.
Gerhart, B., & Fang, M. Y. (2015). Pay, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, performance, and creativity in the workplace: Revisiting long-held beliefs. In F. P. Morgeson (Ed.), Annual review of organizational psychology and organizational behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 489–521).
Gilson, L. L., & Madjar, N. (2011). Radical and incremental creativity: Antecedents and processes. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5(1), 21–28.
Gilson, L. L., Lim, H. S., D'Innocenzo, L., & Moye, N. (2012). One size does not fit all: Managing radical and incremental creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 46(3), 168–191.
Gilson, L. L., Lim, H. S., Luciano, M. M., & Choi, J. N. (2013). Unpacking the cross-level effects of tenure diversity, explicit knowledge, and knowledge sharing on individual creativity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(2), 203–222.
Grant, A. M., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). I won't let you down ... Or will i? Core self-evaluations, other-orientation, anticipated guilt and gratitude, and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 108–121.
Guilford, J. P. (2011). Varieties of divergent production. Journal of Creative Behavior, 18(1), 1–10.
Harris, K. J., Harvey, P., & Kacmar, K. M. (2009). Do social stressors impact everyone equally? An examination of the moderating impact of core self-evaluations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(2), 153–164.
Heller, D., Ferris, D. L., Brown, D., & Watson, D. (2009). The influence of work personality on job satisfaction: Incremental validity and mediation effects. Journal of Personality, 77(4), 1051–1084.
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569–598.
Hon, A. H. Y. (2012). Shaping environments conductive to creativity: The role of intrinsic motivation. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 53(1), 53–64.
Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure anaysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling-a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.
Huang, L., Gino, F., & Galinsky, A. D. (2015). The highest form of intelligence: Sarcasm increases creativity for both expressers and recipients. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 131, 162–177.
Ibarra, H. (1993). Network centrality, power, and innovation involvement: Determinants of technical and administrative roles. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 471–501.
Jain, P., Vyas, V., & Roy, A. (2017). Exploring the mediating role of intellectual capital and competitive advantage on the relation between csr and financial performance in smes. Social Responsibility Journal, 13(1), 1–23.
Jaussi, K. S., & Randel, A. E. (2014). Where to look? Creative self-efficacy, knowledge retrieval, and incremental and radical creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 26(4), 400–410.
Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Levy, P. E. (2008). Getting to the core of core self-evaluation: A review and recommendations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(3), 391–413.
Joo, B. K., Jeung, C. W., & Yoon, H. J. (2010). Investigating the influences of core self-evaluations, job autonomy, and intrinsic motivation on in-role job performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(4), 353–371.
Judge, T. A. (2009). Core self-evaluations and work success. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 58–62.
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits--self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability--with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80–92.
Judge, T. A., & Hurst, C. (2007). Capitalizing on one's advantages: Role of core self-evaluations. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1212–1227.
Judge, T. A., & Hurst, C. (2008). How the rich (and happy) get richer (and happier): Relationship of core self-evaluations to trajectories in attaining work success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 849–863.
Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2011). Implications of core self-evaluations for a changing organizational context. Human Resource Management Review, 21(4), 331–341.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19(1), 151–188.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 17–34.
Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2002). Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 693–710.
Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2003). The core self-evaluations scale: Development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56(2), 303–331.
Judge, T. A., Van Vianen, A. E. M., & De Pater, I. E. (2004). Emotional stability, core self-evaluations, and job outcomes: A review of the evidence and an agenda for future research. Human Performance, 17(3), 325–346.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257–268.
Judge, T. A., Hurst, C., & Simon, L. S. (2009). Does it pay to be smart, attractive, or confident (or all three)? Relationships among general mental ability, physical attractiveness, core self-evaluations, and income. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(3), 742–755.
Kacmar, K. M., Collins, B. J., Harris, K. J., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Core self-evaluations and job performance: The role of the perceived work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1572–1580.
Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Judge, T. A., & Scott, B. A. (2009). The role of core self-evaluations in the coping process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 177–195.
Kandler, C., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., Spinath, F. M., Borkenau, P., & Penke, L. (2016). The nature of creativity: The roles of genetic factors, personality traits, cognitive abilities, and environmental sources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(2), 230–249.
Karatepe, O. M., & Demir, E. (2014). Linking core self-evaluations and work engagement to work-family facilitation a study in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(2), 307–323.
Karkoulian, S., & Osman, Y. (2009). Prediction of knowledge sharing from big five personality traits via interpersonal trust: An empirical investigation. Proceedings Of The International Conference On Intellectual Capital, Knowledge Management & Organizational Learning, 177–183.
Kaspi-Baruch, O. (2017). Big five personality and creativity: The moderating effect of motivational goal orientation. Journal of Creative Behavior, 1–14.
Kijkuit, B., & Ende, J. V. D. (2007). The organizational life of an idea: Integrating social network, creativity and decision-making perspectives. Journal of Management Studies, 44(6), 863–882.
Kwahk, K. Y., & Park, D. H. (2018). Leveraging your knowledge to my performance: The impact of transactive memory capability on job performance in a social media environment. Computers in Human Behavior, 80314–80330.
Laursen, B., Pulkkinen, L., & Adams, R. (2002). The antecedents and correlates of agreeableness in adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 38(4), 591–603.
Li, F., Deng, H., Leung, K., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Is perceived creativity-reward contingency good for creativity? The role of challenge and threat appraisals. Human Resource Management, 56(4), 693–709.
Liu, C., Li, C., Fan, J., & Nauta, M. M. (2015). Workplace conflict and absence/lateness: The moderating effect of core self-evaluation in China and the United States. International Journal of Stress Management, 22(3), 243–269.
Madjar, N., Greenberg, E., & Chen, Z. (2011). Factors for radical creativity, incremental creativity, and routine, noncreative performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 730–743.
Marti, J. M. V., & Cabrita, M. D. R. (2012). Entrepreneurial excellence in the knowledge economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Morris, M. L., Messal, C. B., & Meriac, J. P. (2013). Core self-evaluation and goal orientation: Understanding work stress. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 24(1), 35–62.
Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103(1), 27–43.
Mura, M., & Longo, M. (2013). Developing a tool for intellectual capital assessment: An individual-level perspective. Expert Systems, 30(5), 436–450.
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (2000). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242–266.
O'Neill, T. A., McLarnon, M. J. W., Xiu, L. Y., & Law, S. J. (2016). Core self-evaluations, perceptions of group potency, and job performance: The moderating role of individualism and collectivism cultural profiles. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 89(3), 447–473.
Perry-Smith, J. E. (2006). Social yet creative: The role of social relationships in facilitating individual creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1), 85–101.
Perry-Smith, J., & Mannucci, P. V. (2017). From creativity to innovation: The social network drivers of the four phases of the idea journey. Academy of Management Review, 42(1), 53–79.
Perry-Smith, J. E., & Shalley, C. E. (2003). The social side of creativity: A static and dynamic social network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 28(1), 89–106.
Piccolo, R. F., Judge, T. A., Takahashi, K., Watanabe, N., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations in Japan: Relative effects on job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and happiness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(8), 965–984.
Puryear, J. S., Kettler, T., & Rinn, A. N. (2017). Relationships of personality to differential conceptions of creativity: A systematic review. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 11(1), 59–68.
Raja, U., & Johns, G. (2010). The joint effects of personality and job scope on in-role performance, citizenship behaviors, and creativity. Human Relations, 63(7), 981–1005.
Raju, P. S., Lonial, S. C., & Mangold, W. G. (1995). Differential effects of subjective knowledge, objective knowledge, and usage experience on decision making: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 4(2), 153–180.
Sagiv, L., Arieli, S., Goldenberg, J., & Goldschmidt, A. (2010). Structure and freedom in creativity: The interplay between externally imposed structure and personal cognitive style. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(8), 1086–1110.
Sarooghi, H., Libaers, D., & Burkemper, A. (2015). Examining the relationship between creativity and innovation: A meta-analysis of organizational, cultural, and environmental factors. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(5), 714–731.
Schoen, J. L. (2015). Effects of implicit achievement motivation, expected evaluations, and domain knowledge on creative performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(3), 319–338.
Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33–53.
Shalley, C. E., & Perry-Smith, J. E. (2010). The emergence of team creative cognition: The role of diverse outside ties, sociocognitive network centrality, and team evolution. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(1), 23–41.
Shalley, C. E., Gilson, L. L., & Blum, T. C. (2000). Matching creativity requirements and the work environment: Effects on satisfaction and intentions to leave. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 215–223.
Shalley, C. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933–958.
Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2007). When is educational specialization heterogeneity related to creativity in research and development teams? Transformational leadership as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1709–1721.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445.
Smith, G. J., & Carlsson, I. M. (1990). The creative process: A functional model based on empirical studies from early childhood to middle age. Psychological Issues, 57, 1–243.
Srivastava, A., Locke, E. A., Judge, T. A., & Adams, J. W. (2010). Core self-evaluations as causes of satisfaction: The mediating role of seeking task complexity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 255–265.
Staw, B. M. (1984). Organizational behavior: A review and reformulation of the field's outcome variables. Annual Review of Psychology, 35(1), 627–666.
Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 173–180.
Sternberg, R. J. (1999). A propulsion model of types of creative contributions. Review of General Psychology, 3(2), 83–100.
Subramaniam, M., & Youndt, M. A. (2005). The influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 450–463.
Tang, C., & Naumann, S. E. (2016). The impact of three kinds of identity on research and development employees’ incremental and radical creativity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 21, 123–131.
Tang, C. Y., & Ye, L. N. (2015). Diversified knowledge, r&d team centrality and radical creativity. Creativity and Innovation Management, 24(1), 123–135.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137–1148.
Torrance, E. P. (1988). The nature of creativity as manifest in its testing. The Nature of Creativity, 18(1), 43–75.
Unsworth, K. (2001). Unpacking creativity. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 289–297.
Vale, J., Branco, M. C., & Ribeiro, J. (2016). Individual intellectual capital versus collective intellectual capital in a meta-organization. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 17(2), 279–297.
Vincent, L. C., & Kouchaki, M. (2015). Creative, rare, entitled, and dishonest: How commonality of creativity in ones group decreases an individuals entitlement and dishonesty. Academy of Management Journal, 59(4), 1451–1473.
Wang, J. (1987). Social psychological factors and technological creation. Psychological Exploration, 1, 34–41.
Wang, Z., Wang, N., & Liang, H. (2014). Knowledge sharing, intellectual capital and firm performance. Management Decision, 52(2), 230–258.
Wang, C.-H., Yen, C.-D., & Liu, G. H. W. (2015). How intellectual capital influences individual performance: A multi-level perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 930–937.
Wang, Z., Sharma, P. N., & Cao, J. (2016). From knowledge sharing to firm performance: A predictive model comparison. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4650–4658.
Ward, T. B., & Kolomyts, Y. (2010). Cognition and creativity. In The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 93–112). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Whetten, D. A., & Cameron, K. S. (2011). Developing management skills. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18(2), 293–321.
Yang, Y. J., & Wang, C. C. (2010). Creativity among r&d professional: Supervisory support and personality traits. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 18(1), 229–248.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107–128.
Zhang, H., Kwan, H. K., Zhang, X., & Wu, L.-Z. (2014). High core self-evaluators maintain creativity: A motivational model of abusive supervision. Journal of Management, 40(4), 1151–1174.
Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682–696.
Zhou, Q., Hirst, G., & Shipton, H. (2012). Context matters: Combined influence of participation and intellectual stimulation on the promotion focus–employee creativity relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(7), 894–909.
Acknowledgments
The Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities in China (Grant No. 2017XKQY087), The Humanities and Social Sciences Research Funds of the Chinese Education Ministry (Grant No. 17YJA630104), Educational Scientific Planning Project of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. C-b/2016/01/22), Postgraduate Educational Reform Project of Jiangsu Province (JGZZ16_079), Double First-Class Initiative Project for Cultural Evolution and Creation of China University of Mining and Technology (Grant No.2018WHCC03/05).
Funding
This study was funded by The Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities in China (Grant No. 2017XKQY087), The Humanities and Social Sciences Research Funds of the Chinese Education Ministry (Grant No. 17YJA630104), Educational Scientific Planning Project of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. C-b/2016/01/22), Postgraduate Educational Reform Project of Jiangsu Province (JGZZ16_079), Double First-Class Initiative Project for Cultural Evolution and Creation of China University of Mining and Technology (Grant No.2018WHCC03/05).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(XLSX 117 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Z., Bu, X. & Cai, S. Core self-evaluation, individual intellectual capital and employee creativity. Curr Psychol 40, 1203–1217 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0046-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0046-x