Abstract
This article examines one of the most charged themes in the Middle East and North Africa: sexuality. Sexual discourse in the Arab world has gone through a transformation and is one that influences how female Arab and Muslims are depicted under Western eyes. Sexuality has experienced a makeover by the time of colonial expansion of Europe into the Middle East wherein the late nineteenth and early twentieth century gave rise to feminist consciousness throughout the region and has since gained momentum in the global women’s movement. This article will discuss sexual discourse in the Arab world and topics of reproductive justice and sexuality in contemporary Arab society such as abortion, female genital mutilation, female genital cutting, family planning and contraception, and sex education/HIV prevention and intervention.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu-Lughod, L. (1998). Remaking women: Feminism and modernity in the Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Abu-Lughod, L. (2013). Do muslim women need saving? Harvard University Press.
Adinma, J. I. B. (1997). Current status of female circumcision among Nigerian Igbos. West Africa Journal of Medicine, 16(4), 227–231.
Ahmed, L. (1992). Women and gender in Islam: Historical roots of a modern debate. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Akotionga, M., Traore, O., Lakoande, J., & Kone, B. (2001). Sequelles genitals externes de l’excision au centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHN-YO): Epidemiologie et traitement chirurgical. Gynecologie Obstetrique et Fertililite, 29, 295–300.
Almroth, L., et al. (2001). Male complications of female genital mutilation. Social Science and Medicine, 53, 1455–1460.
Al-Samman, G. Beiruit’ 75. Al-A’maal Ghayr Al-Kamila (Vol. 12. pp. 54, 114).
Alsultany, E. (2012). Arabs and Muslims in the media: Race and representation after 9/11. New York: New York University Press.
Amado, L. E. (2004). Sexual and bodily rights as human rights in the Middle East and North Africa. Reproductive Health Matters, 12(23), 125–128.
Aramesh, K. (2007). Abortion: An Islamic ethical view. Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma, Immunology, 6, 29–33.
Asman, O. (2004). Abortion in Islamic countries: Legal and religious aspects. Medicine and Law, 23, 73–89.
Bouhdiba, A. (2012). Sexuality in Islam. A. Sheridan (Trans.). London: Saqi Books.
Bowen, D. L. (2003). Contemporary Muslim ethics of abortion. In J. E. Brockopp (Ed.), Islamic ethics of life: Abortion, war and euthanasia (pp. 1–24). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Brockopp, J. E. (2003). Islamic ethics of life: Abortion, war and euthanasia. University of South Carolina Press.
Brockopp, J. E. (2008). Islam and bioethics: Beyond abortion and euthanasia. Journal of Religious Ethics, 36, 3–12.
Chalmers, B., & Omer, H. (2000). 432 Somali women’s birth experiences in Canada after earlier female genital mutilation. Birth, 27(4), 227–234.
De Segonzac. (1903). Voyages au Maroc. Paris.
Declich, L. (1994). L’erotologia araba: profilo bibliographico. Rivista degli Studi Orientali, 68, 249–265.
DeJong, J., Jawad, R., Mortagy, I., & Shepard, B. (2005). The sexual and reproductive health of young people in the Arab Countries and Iran. Reproductive Health Matters, 13, 49–59.
Dialmy, A. (2005). Sexuality in contemporary Arab society. Social Analysis, 49(2), 16–33.
Ekmekci, P. E. (2017). Abortion in Islamic ethics, and how it is perceived in Turkey: A secular. Muslim Country. Journal of Religious Health, 56(3), 884–895.
El Dareer, A. (1982). Women, why do you weep?. London: Zed Press.
El-Hage, G. N. (2012). Beirut ‘75 by Ghada al-Samman: An autobiographical interpretation. Retrieved from http://www.georgenicolasel-hage.com/beirut-75-by-ghada-al-samman-an-autobiographical-interpretation.html.
Foster, A. M., Wynnb, L. T., Rouhanac, A., Polisa, C., & Trussell, J. (2005). Reproductive health, the Arab world and the internet: Usage patterns of an Arabic-language emergency contraception web site. Contraception, 72, 130–137.
Foucault, M. (1976). Histoire de la sexualité 1: La volonté de savoir. Paris: Gallimard.
Fox, E. F., de Ruiter, A., & Bingham, J. S. (1997). Female genital mutilation in a genitourinary medicine clinic: A case note review. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 8(10), 659–660.
Franke, P. (2012). Before scientia sexualis in Islamic culture: “ilm al-bāh” between erotology, medicine and pornography. Social Identities, 18(2), 161–173.
Hessini, L. (2007). Abortion and Islam: Policies and practice in the Middle East and North Africa. Reproductive Health Matters, 15(29), 75–84.
Hidayatullah, A. (2003). Islamic conception of sexuality. In D. W. Machacek & M. M. Wilcox (Eds.), Sexuality and the world’s religions (pp. 255–292). Santa Barbara, CA: ABCOCLIO, Inc.
Ilkkaracan, P. (2002). Women, sexuality, and social change in the Middle East and the Maghreb. Social Research, 69(3), 753–779.
Jad, I. (2003). The NGO-isation of Arab Women’s Movements. Al- Raida, XX (100). Retrieved from: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/8522/IDSB_35_4_10.1111-j.1759-5436.2004.tb00153.x.pdf?sequence=1.
Katz, M. H. (2003). The problem of abortion in classical Sunni fiqh. In J. E. Brockopp (Ed.), Islamic ethics of life: Abortion, war and euthanasia (pp. 1–24). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Knight, R., Hotchin, A., Bayly, C., & Grover, S. (1999). Female genital mutilation-experience of the Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 39, 50–54.
Kozma, L. (2013). “We, the sexologists…”: Arabic medical writing on sexuality, 1879–1943. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 22(3), 426–445.
Lazreg, M. (1994). The eloquence of silence: Algerian women in question. New York: Routledge.
Maghribı, A. N. S., et al. (2007). Nuzhat al-ashāb fi mu’āsharat al-ahbāb. Cairo: Dār al-A fāq al-‘Arabiyya.
Mernissi, F. (1987). Beyond the veil: Male-female dynamics in modern Muslim Society. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Momoh, C., Ladhani, S., Lochrie, D., & Rymer, J. (2001). Female genital mutilation: Analysis of the first twelve months of a southeast London specialist clinic. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 108(2), 186–191.
Odoi, A., Brody, S. P., & Elkins, T. E. (1997). Female genital mutilation in rural Ghana, West Africa. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 56, 179–180.
Pew Research Center. (2008). Abortion laws around the world. September 30, 2008. Retrieved from: https://www.pewforum.org/2008/09/30/abortion-laws-around-the-world/.
Rastegari, A., et al. (2014). Estimating the annual incidence of abortions in Iran applying a network scale-up approach. Iran Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(10), 1–7.
Roberts, G. (2011, April 30). Nawal El Saadawi: ‘I am going to carry on this fight for ever’. Retrieved from The Independent: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/nawal-el-saadawi-i-am-going-to-carry-on-this-fight-for-ever-2371378.html.
Ross, L. (2011, March). Understanding reproductive justice. Retreived from Trust Black Women http://trustblackwomen.org/our-work/what-is-reproductive-justice/9-what-is-reproductive-justice.
Roudi-Fahimi, F., Monem, A., Ashford, L., & El-Adawy, M. (2012). Women’s need for family planning in Arab countries. Retrieved from Population Reference Bureau—United Nations Population Fund—Pan Arab Project for Family Health. https://arabstates.unfpa.org/en/publications/womens-need-family-planning-arab-countries.
Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books Edition.
Said, E. W. (1997). Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world. New York: Vintage Books.
Shandall, A. A.-E. (1967). Circumcision and infibulation of females. Sudan Medical Journal, 5, 178–212.
Shapiro, G. (2013). Abortion law in Muslim-majority countries: An overview of the Islamic discourse with policy implications. Health Policy and Planning, 29, 483–494.
Stephan, R. (2006). Arab women writing their sexuality. Hawwa, 4, 159–180.
Uhlmann, A. J. (2005). Introduction: Reflections on the study of sexuality in the Middle East and North Africa. Social Analysis, 49(2), 3–15.
Venema, B., & Bakker, J. (2004). A permissive zone for the prostitution in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. Ethnology, 43(1), 51–64.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Abortion. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/abortion#tab=tab_1.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Female genital mutilation. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation.
Wright, J. W. (1997). Masculine allusion and the structure of satire in early abbasid poetry. In J. W. Wright & E. Rowson (Eds.), Homoeroticismin classical Arabic literature (pp. 1–23). New York: Columbia University Press.
Yount, K., & Carrera, J. (2006). Female genital cutting and reproductive experience in Minya, Egypt. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 20(2), 182–211.
Ze’evi, D. (2005). Hiding sexuality: The disappearance of sexual discourse in the Late Ottoman Middle East. Social Analysis, 49(2), 34–53.
Funding
The authors declare that there was no funding for this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research Involving Human Participants and/or Animals
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
This was not human subjects research therefore informed consent is not applicable to this study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tabahi, S. The Construction and Reconstruction of Sexuality in the Arab World: An Examination of Sexual Discourse, Women’s Writing and Reproductive Justice. Sexuality & Culture 24, 1720–1737 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09714-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09714-8