References
Barker, D.J. 1990. “The Fetal and Infant Origins of Adult Disease: The Womb May Be More Important than the Home.” British Medical Journal 301 (676): 1111.
Becker, G.S. 1962. “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis.” The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 70, No. 5, Part 2: Investment in Human Beings (pp. 9–49).
Clark, Daniel O and Rose C. Gibson. 1997. “Race, age, chronic disease, and disability”. In: Markides and Miranda (eds.), Minorities, Aging, and Health. Sage Publications.
Dalaker, J. and B.D. Proctor, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60–210, Poverty in the United States: 1999, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 2000.
Davern, M.E. and P.J. Fisher, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Household Economic Studies, Series P70–71, Household Net Worth and Ownership: 1995. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C 2000.
Escarce, J., K. Epstein, D. Colby, and J. Swartz. 1993. “Racial Differences in the Elderly's Use of Medical Procedures and Diagnostic Tests.” American Journal of Public Health 83(7): 948–54.
Fiscella, K., P. Franks, M. Gold, and C. Clancy. 2000. “Inequalities in Racial Access to Health Care.” JAMA 284(16): 2053.
Flores, G. 1999. “The Impact of Ethnicity, Family Income, and Parental Education on Children's Health and Use of Health Services.” American Journal of Public Health 89(7): 1066–1072.
Foster, H.W., L. Wu, M.B. Bracken, K. Semeny, and J. Thomas 2000. “Intergenerational effects of high socioeconomic status on low birthweight and preterm birth in African Americans.” Journal of the National Medical Association 92(5): 213–212.
Gaskin, D. and C. Hoffman 2000. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Preventable Hospitalizations Across Ten States.” Medical Care Research Review 57 Suppl 1: 85–107.
Grossman, M. 1972. “On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health.” The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 80, No. 2 (pp. 223–255).
Headen, Alvin, Kenneth G. Manton and Max A. Woodbury 2003. “Co-morbidity and Black and White Disparities in Health and Functional Status.” The Review of Black Political Economy, Vol. 31, no 4.
Loury, G., 1977, “A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences,” Ch. 8 in P.A. Wallace (ed.), Women, Minorities and Employment Discrimination, D.C. Health, Lexington, MA. pp. 153–188.
Loury, G. 1981. “Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings.” Econometrica, Vol. 49, No. 4: 843–867.
Lunberg, S. and R. Startz. 1998. “On the Persistence of Racial Inequality.” Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 16, No. 2: 292–323.
Markides, Kyriakos S., and Manuel R. Miranda, eds. 1997. Racial and Ethnic Difference in the Health of Older Americans. Committee on Population, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, National Academy Press. Washington, DC.
Mayberry, R.M., F. Mili, and E. Ofili. 2000. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Access to Medical Care.” Medical Care Research Review 57 Suppl. 1: 108–145.
Mincer, J. 1958. “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution.” Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 66, No. 4: 281–302.
Monheit, A. and J. Vistnes. 2000. “Race/Ethnicity and Health Insurance Status.” Medical Care Research Review 57 Suppl. 1: 11–35.
Mukamel, D., A. Murthy, and D. Weimer. 2000. “Racial Differences in Access to High-Quality Cardiac Surgeons.” American Journal of Public Health 90 (11): 1774–7.
Schultz, T. W. 1961. “Investment in Human Capital.” American Economic Review Vol. 51, No. 1: 1–17.
Smith, James. 1999. “Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual Relation Between Health and Economic Status.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 13 (2): 145–66.
Smith, James. 1998. “Socioeconomic Status and Health.” American Economic Review 88 (2): 192–96.
Smith, James and Raynard Kington. 1997. “Demographic and Economic Correlates of Health in Old Age.” Demography 34(1): 159–70.
U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60–209, Money Income in the United States: 1999, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 2000.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. DHHS), November 2000), Healthy People 2010 Online//World-Wide Web 3-18-02 Site http://web.health.gov/healthy people/document/.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (1999). Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human, Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, World-Wide Web Site http://www.nimh.nih.gov/mhsgrpt/home.html
Waitzman, N. and K. R. Smith. 1998. “Separate But Lethal: The Effects of Economic Segregation on Mortality in Metropolitan America.” Milbank Quarterly 76(3): 341–374.
Wallace, S. 1990. “The Political Economy of Health Care for Elderly Blacks.” International Journal of Health Services 20(4): 665–80.
Wallace, S., L. Levy-Storms, R. Kington, and R. Andersen. 1998. “The Persistence of Race and Ethnicity in the Use of Long-Term Care.” Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 53(2): S104–12.
Weinick, R., S.H. Zuvekas and J.W. Cohen. 2000. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Access to and Use of Health Care Services, 1977 to 1996.” Medical Care Research Review 57 Suppl. 1: 36–54.
White-Means, S. 2000. “Racial Patterns in Disabled Elderly Persons' Use of Medical Services.” Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 55(2):S76–89.
About this article
Cite this article
Gaskin, D.J., Headen, A.E. & White-Means, S.I. Racial disparities in health and wealth: The effects of slavery and past discrimination. Rev Black Polit Econ 32, 95–110 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-005-1007-9
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-005-1007-9