Abstract
There has been a concerted effort in the last three decades to identify early female sociologists and to add or restore their works to the sociological canon. This effort has generated a substantial body of work, much of which examines the relationship between the women and men of the Chicago School in its early years (1892–1920). Two primary assumptions about this relationship have emerged over the years: (1) the women were frustrated sociologists; frustrated by a lack of acceptance in the discipline and a department run by men; and (2) the women were displaced sociologists, forced out of the discipline by the men into disciplines such as household administration and social work. This paper examines these assumptions through a case study of the life and work of Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge. Breckinridge is among those characterized by the literature as a frustrated and displaced sociologist, but Breckinridge’s own words to a friend, “Please don’t think of me as a sociologist,” suggest that this was not always the case.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Manuscript Collections Library of Congress Manuscript Division
Breckinridge Family Papers Desha Breckinridge Issa Desha Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge William C.P. Breckinridge
Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Regenstein Library
Grace and Edith Abbott Papers Sophonisba P. Breckinridge Papers Julius Rosenwald Papers University Presidents’ Papers, 1889–1925
Wellesley College Archives, Margaret Clapp Library
General Records, Class of 1888 Class History ’88 Class Letters: 1894–1895
Wisconsin Historical Society
Anita McCormick Blaine Papers
Other Primary Sources
Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, Official Transcript, University of Chicago, Office Of the Registrar Kentucky Court of Appeals Order Book 73, p. 376, Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives, Public Records Division.
Secondary Sources
Abbott, Edith. 1948. “Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge: Over the Years.” Social Service Review 22(4): 417–423.
Branscombe, Martha. 1948. “AFriend of International Welfare.” Social Service Review 22(4): 436–441.
Bulmer, Martin. 1984. The Chicago School of Sociology: Institutionalization, Diversity and the Rise of Sociological Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Christman, Elisabeth. 1948. “A Long-Time Supporter of Trade Unions for Women.” Social Service Review 22(4): 431.
Clapp, Elizabeth J. 1998. Mothers of All Children: Women Reformers and the Rise of Juvenile Courts in Progressive Era America. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Coghlan, Catherine L. 1999. “Gender Stratification in American Sociology: 1890–1930.” Paper presented at American Sociological Association Annual Meeting. August—Chicago
— 2002. “An Examination of the Contributions of Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge (1866–1948) to the Discipline of Sociology.” Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX.
— 2005a. “Sophonisba Breckenridge: Displaced Sociologist.” In Portraits of Women Scoiologists: Past to Present. Edited by Calvin Henry Easterling, Brenda D. Phillips, and Pat Nation. New York: Whittier Publishing. (Author’s note: This chapter was originally written and submitted for publication in 2000 before a more in-depth examination of primary documents changed the author’s position to that which is presented in the current article).
-. 2005b. “The Graduate School of Social Service Administration: Beginning or End of the Differentiation Process Between Chicago Sociology and Social Work.” Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting. August-Philadelphia.
Cook, Beverly. 1983. “Sophonisba P. Breckinridge.” Women & Politics 3(1): 95–102.
Cook, May E. 1949. “Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge: A Supplementary Statement.” Social Service Review 23(1): 93–95.
Costin, Lela. 1983. Two Sisters for Social Justice. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Cross, Barbara M. 1965. The Educated Woman in America: Selected Writings of Catharine Beecher, Margaret Fuller, and M. Carey Thomas. New York: Teachers College Press.
Curti, Merle E. and Vernon Carstensen. 1949. The University of Wisconsin: A History. Madison: University of Wisconsn Press.
Deegan, Mary J. 1978. “Women and Sociology: 1890–1930.” Journal of the History of Sociology 1: 11–34.
— 1979. “Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge.” Pp. 219–223 in American Women Writers, Volume 1, A to E, Editor Lina Mainiero. New York: Frederick Unger Publishing Company.
— 1981. “Early Women Sociologists and the American Sociological Society: The Patterns of Exclusion and Participation.” The American Sociologist 16: 14–24.
— 1987. “Symbolic Interaction and the Study of Women.” Pp. 3–15 in Women and Symbolic Interaction, Editors Mary J. Deegan and Michael R. Hill. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
— 1988a. Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
-. 1988b. “W.E.B. Du Bois and the Women of Hull-House, 1895–1899.” American Sociologist: 301-311.
— 1991a. “Edith Abbott (1876–1957).” Pp. 29–36 in Women in Sociology: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook, Editor Mary J. Deegan. New York: Greenwood Press.
— 1991b. “Introduction.” Pp. 1–28 in Women in Sociology: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook, Editor Mary J. Deegan. New York: Greenwood Press.
— 1991c. “Marion Talbot (1858–1947).” Pp. 391–399 in Women in Sociology: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook, Editor Mary J. Deegan. New York: Greenwood Press.
— 1991d. “Sophonisba Breckinridge (1886–1948).” Pp. 80–89 in Women in Sociology: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook, Editor Mary J. Deegan. New York: Greenwood Press.
— Editor. 1991e. Women In Sociology: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
— 1995. “The Second Sex and the Chicago School: Women’s Accounts, Knowledge, and Work, 1945-1960.” Pp. 322–364 in A Second Chicago School? The Development of A Postwar American Sociology, Editor Gary A. Fine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
— 1996. “‘Dear Love, Dear Love’: Feminist Pragmatism and the Chicago Female World of Love and Ritual.” Gender and Society 10: 590–607.
Fitzpatrick, Ellen. 1990. Endless Crusade: Women Social Scientists and Progressive Reform. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fitzpatrick, Ellen F. 1981. “Academics and Activists: Women Social Scientists and the Impulse for Reform, 1892–1920.” Brandeis University.
Freedman, Estelle B. 1979. “Separatism as Strategy: Female Institution Building and American Feminism, 1870–1930.” Feminist Studies 5(3): 512–529.
Goodwin, Joanne L. 1997. Gender and the Politics of Welfare Reform: Mothers’ Pensions in Chicago, 1911–1929. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Harvey, Lee. 1987. Myths of the Chicago School of Sociology. Brookfield, VT: Avebury.
Hill, Michael. 2000. “Loren Eiseley and Sociology at the University of Nebraska, 1926–1936: the Sociological Training of a Noted Anthropologist.” Sociological Origins 2(2): 96–106.
Hutchinson, Emilie J. 1929. Women and the PH.D. Greensboro, NC: North Carolina College for Women.
Käsler, Dirk. 1981. “Methodological Problems of a Sociological History of Early German Sociology.” Paper presented at the Department of Education, University of Chicago, November 5. Quoted in Deegan, Mary Jo. 1991. “Introduction.” Pp. 1-28 in Women in Sociology: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook, edited by Mary Jo Deegan, 7, New York: Greenwood Press.
Kerber, Linda K. 1988. “Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman’s Place: The Rhetoric of Women’s History.” Journal of American History 75(1): 9–39.
Klotter, James. 1986. “Nisba.” Pp. 189–207 in The Breckinridges of Kentucky: 1760-1981, James Klotter. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
Ladd-Taylor, Molly. 1994. Mother-Work: Women, Child Welfare, and the State, 1890–1930. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Lasch, Christopher. 1971. “Breckinridge, Sophonisba Preston.” Pp. 233–236 in Notable American Women, Vol. 1, edited by Edward T. James, Janet W. James, and Paul S. Boyer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press.
Lengermann, Patricia M. and Jill Niebrugge-Brantley. 1998. The Women Founders: Sociology and Social Theory 1830-1930. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
—. 2002. “Back to the Future: Settlement Sociology, 1885–1930.” The American Sociologist 33(3): 5–20.
Lerner, Gerda. 1975. “Placing Women in History: Definitions and Challenges.” Feminist Studies 3(1/2): 5–14.
MacLean, Annie M. 1926. “Albion Woodbury Small: An Appreciation.” American Journal of Sociology 32(1): 45–48. http://www.jstor.org. Retrieved 09/16/2001.
Morgan, J. G. 1980. “Women in American Sociology in the Nineteenth Century.” Journal of the History of Sociology 2: 1–34.
Muncy, Robyn. 1990. “Gender and Professionalization in the Origins of the U.S. Welfare State: The Careers of Sophonisba Breckinridge and Edith Abbott, 1890–1935.” Journal of Policy History 2(3): 290–315.
—. 1991. Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform 1890-1935. New York: Oxford University Press.
Richardson, Barbara. 2002. “Ellen Swallow Richards: “Humanistic Oekologist,” “Applied Sociologist,” and the Founding of Sociology.” The American Sociologist 33(3): 21–57.
Schwendinger, Herman. and Julia R. Schwendinger. 1974. The Sociologists of the Chair: A Radical Analysis of the Formative Years of North American Sociology (1882–1922). New York: Basic Books.
Sklar, Katherine K. 1985. “Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women Reformers.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 10(4): 658–677.
Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. 1985. “The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations Between Women in Nineteenth Century America.” Pp. 53–76 inDisorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, Carroll Smith-Rosenberg. New York: Knopf.
Stehno, Sandra M. 1988. “Public Responsibility for Dependent Black Children: The Advocacy of Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Breckinridge.” Social Service Review 62(3): 485–503.
Taft, Jessie. 1987. “The Woman Movement and Social Consciousness.” Pp. 19–50 in Women and Symbolic Interaction, editors Mary J. Deegan and Michael R. Hill. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
Talbot, Marion and Sophonisba P. Breckinridge. 1912. The Modern Household. Boston: Thomas Todd Co.
Welter, Barbara. 1966. “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820–1860.” American Quarterly 18(2, Part 1): 151–174. Retrieved March 6, 2002, http://www.jstor.org.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Coghlan, C.L. “Please don’t think of me as a sociologist”: Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge and the early Chicago school. Am Soc 36, 3–22 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-005-1007-z
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-005-1007-z