Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: Hematolymphoid Tumours

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Head and Neck Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In 2017, the latest revision to the WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumours will be released. Similar to the 2005 WHO, the codification of hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms of the head and neck is included within chapters pertaining to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the nasopharynx, the larynx, the oral cavity and oropharynx, the neck and the salivary glands. Herein, we describe both changes to the classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms of the head and neck since the 2005 WHO, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis and molecular pathology of these neoplasms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ficarra G, Prignano F, Romagnoli P. Traumatic eosinophilic granuloma of the oral mucosa: a CD30+ (Ki-1) lymphoproliferative disorder? Oral Oncol. 1997;33(5):375–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alobeid B, Pan LX, Milligan L, Budel L, Frizzera G. Eosinophil-rich CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder of the oral mucosa. A form of “traumatic eosinophilic granuloma”. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121(1):43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Sciallis AP, Law ME, Inwards DJ, McClure RF, Macon WR, Kurtin PJ, Dogan A, Feldman AL. Mucosal CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferations of the head and neck show a clinicopathologic spectrum similar to cutaneous CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Mod Pathol. 2012;25(7):983–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wang W, Cai Y, Sheng W, Lu H, Li X. The spectrum of primary mucosal CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders of the head and neck. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014;117(1):96–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Agarwal M, Shenjere P, Blewitt RW, Hall G, Sloan P, Pigadas N, Banerjee SS. CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the oral mucosa—an indolent lesion: report of 4 cases. Int J Surg Pathol. 2008;16(3):286–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Aoki R, Karube K, Sugita Y, Nomura Y, Shimizu K, Kimura Y, Hashikawa K, Suefuji N, Kikuchi M, Ohshima K. Distribution of malignant lymphoma in Japan: analysis of 2260 cases, 2001–2006. Pathol Int. 2008;58(3):174–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Laurini JA, Perry AM, Boilesen E, Diebold J, Maclennan KA, Müller-Hermelink HK, Nathwani BN, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. Classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Central and South America: a review of 1028 cases. Blood. 2012;120(24):4795–801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pongpruttipan T, Sukpanichnant S, Assanasen T, Wannakrairot P, Boonsakan P, Kanoksil W, Kayasut K, Mitarnun W, Khuhapinant A, Bunworasate U, Puavilai T, Bedavanija A, Garcia-Herrera A, Campo E, Cook JR, Choi J, Swerdlow SH. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, includes cases of natural killer cell and αβ, γδ, and αβ/γδ T-cell origin: a comprehensive clinicopathologic and phenotypic study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36(4):481–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Iqbal J, Kucuk C, Deleeuw RJ, Srivastava G, Tam W, Geng H, Klinkebiel D, Christman JK, Patel K, Cao K, Shen L, Dybkaer K, Tsui IF, Ali H, Shimizu N, Au WY, Lam WL, Chan WC. Genomic analyses reveal global functional alterations that promote tumor growth and novel tumor suppressor genes in natural killer-cell malignancies. Leukemia. 2009;23(6):1139–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Karube K, Nakagawa M, Tsuzuki S, Takeuchi I, Honma K, Nakashima Y, Shimizu N, Ko YH, Morishima Y, Ohshima K, Nakamura S, Seto M. Identification of FOXO3 and PRDM1 as tumor-suppressor gene candidates in NK-cell neoplasms by genomic and functional analyses. Blood. 2011;118(12):3195–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Küçük C, Hu X, Iqbal J, Gaulard P, Klinkebiel D, Cornish A, Dave BJ, Chan WC. HACE1 is a tumor suppressor gene candidate in natural killer cell neoplasms. Am J Pathol. 2013;182(1):49–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Quintanilla-Martinez L, Kremer M, Keller G, Nathrath M, Gamboa-Dominguez A, Meneses A, Luna-Contreras L, Cabras A, Hoefler H, Mohar A, Fend F. p53 Mutations in nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma from Mexico: association with large cell morphology and advanced disease. Am J Pathol. 2001;159(6):2095–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Jiang L, Gu ZH, Yan ZX, Zhao X, Xie YY, Zhang ZG, Pan CM, Hu Y, Cai CP, Dong Y, Huang JY, Wang L, Shen Y, Meng G, Zhou JF, Hu JD, Wang JF, Liu YH, Yang LH, Zhang F, Wang JM, Wang Z, Peng ZG, Chen FY, Sun ZM, Ding H, Shi JM, Hou J, Yan JS, Shi JY, Xu L, Li Y, Lu J, Zheng Z, Xue W, Zhao WL, Chen Z, Chen SJ. Exome sequencing identifies somatic mutations of DDX3X in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. Nat Genet. 2015;47(9):1061–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Huang Y, de Reyniès A, de Leval L, Ghazi B, Martin-Garcia N, Travert M, Bosq J, Brière J, Petit B, Thomas E, Coppo P, Marafioti T, Emile JF, Delfau-Larue MH, Schmitt C, Gaulard P. Gene expression profiling identifies emerging oncogenic pathways operating in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Blood. 2010;115(6):1226–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Koo GC, Tan SY, Tang T, Poon SL, Allen GE, Tan L, Chong SC, Ong WS, Tay K, Tao M, Quek R, Loong S, Yeoh KW, Yap SP, Lee KA, Lim LC, Tan D, Goh C, Cutcutache I, Yu W, Ng CC, Rajasegaran V, Heng HL, Gan A, Ong CK, Rozen S, Tan P, Teh BT, Lim ST. Janus kinase 3-activating mutations identified in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Discov. 2012;2(7):591–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Coppo P, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Huang Y, Bouhlal H, Bouamar H, Bouchet S, Perrot C, Vieillard V, Dartigues P, Gaulard P, Agbalika F, Douay L, Lassoued K, Gorin NC. STAT3 transcription factor is constitutively activated and is oncogenic in nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma. Leukemia. 2009;23(9):1667–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen YW, Guo T, Shen L, Wong KY, Tao Q, Choi WW, Au-Yeung RK, Chan YP, Wong ML, Tang JC, Liu WP, Li GD, Shimizu N, Loong F, Tse E, Kwong YL, Srivastava G. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase κ directly targets STAT3 activation for tumor suppression in nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2015;125(10):1589–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Paik JH, Jang JY, Jeon YK, Kim WY, Kim TM, Heo DS, Kim CW. MicroRNA-146a downregulates NFκB activity via targeting TRAF6 and functions as a tumor suppressor having strong prognostic implications in NK/T cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(14):4761–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Komabayashi Y, Kishibe K, Nagato T, Ueda S, Takahara M, Harabuchi Y. Downregulation of miR-15a due to LMP1 promotes cell proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(1):25–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim SJ, Choi JY, Hyun SH, Ki CS, Oh D, Ahn YC, Ko YH, Choi S, Jung SH, Khong PL, Tang T, Yan X, Lim ST, Kwong YL, Kim WS, Asia Lymphoma Study Group. Risk stratification on the basis of Deauville score on PET-CT and the presence of Epstein–Barr virus DNA after completion of primary treatment for extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: a multicentre, retrospective analysis. Lancet Haematol. 2015;2(2):e66–e74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bink K, Haralambieva E, Kremer M, Ott G, Beham-Schmid C, de Leval L, Peh SC, Laeng HR, Jütting U, Hutzler P, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F. Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma: similarities with and differences from multiple myeloma revealed by interphase cytogenetics. Haematologica. 2008;93(4):623–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, Harris NL, Stein H, Siebert R, Advani R, Ghielmini M, Salles GA, Zelenetz AD, Jaffe ES. The. 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016;127(20):2375–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Young RM, Shaffer AL, Phelan JD, Staudt LM. B-cell receptor signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Semin Hematol. 2015;52(2):77–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Roschewski M, Staudt LM, Wilson WH. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-treatment approaches in the molecular era. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11(1):12–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Karube K, Campo E. MYC alterations in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Semin Hematol. 2015;52(2):97–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Johnson NA, Slack GW, Savage KJ, Connors JM, Ben-Neriah S, Rogic S, Scott DW, Tan KL, Steidl C, Sehn LH, Chan WC, Iqbal J, Meyer PN, Lenz G, Wright G, Rimsza LM, Valentino C, Brunhoeber P, Grogan TM, Braziel RM, Cook JR, Tubbs RR, Weisenburger DD, Campo E, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Delabie J, Holcroft C, Jaffe ES, Staudt LM, Gascoyne RD. Concurrent expression of MYC and BCL2 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(28):3452–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Dojcinov SD, Venkataraman G, Pittaluga S, Wlodarska I, Schrager JA, Raffeld M, Hills RK, Jaffe ES. Age-related EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in the Western population: a spectrum of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and lymphoma. Blood. 2011;117(18):4726–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Nicolae A, Pittaluga S, Abdullah S, Steinberg SM, Pham TA, Davies-Hill T, Xi L, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. EBV-positive large B-cell lymphomas in young patients: a nodal lymphoma with evidence for a tolerogenic immune environment. Blood. 2015;126(7):863–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Dojcinov SD, Venkataraman G, Raffeld M, Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES. EBV positive mucocutaneous ulcer—a study of 26 cases associated with various sources of immunosuppression. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(3):405–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hart M, Thakral B, Yohe S, Balfour HH Jr, Singh C, Spears M, McKenna RW. EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer in organ transplant recipients: a localized indolent posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38(11):1522–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Molyneux EM, Rochford R, Griffin B, Newton R, Jackson G, Menon G, Harrison CJ, Israels T, Bailey S. Burkitt’s lymphoma. Lancet. 2012;379(9822):1234–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bernheim A, Berger R, Lenoir G. Cytogenetic studies on Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1983;8(3):223–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pelicci PG, Knowles DM, Magrath I, Dalla-Favera R. Chromosomal breakpoints and structural alterations of the c-myc locus differ in endemic and sporadic forms of Burkitt lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;83(9):2984–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Salaverria I, Martin-Guerrero I, Wagener R, Kreuz M, Kohler CW, Richter J, Pienkowska-Grela B, Adam P, Burkhardt B, Claviez A, Damm-Welk C, Drexler HG, Hummel M, Jaffe ES, Küppers R, Lefebvre C, Lisfeld J, Löffler M, Macleod RA, Nagel I, Oschlies I, Rosolowski M, Russell RB, Rymkiewicz G, Schindler D, Schlesner M, Scholtysik R, Schwaenen C, Spang R, Szczepanowski M, Trümper L, Vater I, Wessendorf S, Klapper W, Siebert R, Molecular Mechanisms in Malignant Lymphoma Network. Project, Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Group. A recurrent 11q aberration pattern characterizes a subset of MYC-negative high-grade B-cell lymphomas resembling Burkitt lymphoma. Blood. 2014;123(8):1187–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Ferreiro JF, Morscio J, Dierickx D, Marcelis L, Verhoef G, Vandenberghe P, Tousseyn T, Wlodarska I. Post-transplant molecularly defined Burkitt lymphomas are frequently MYC-negative and characterized by the 11q-gain/loss pattern. Haematologica. 2015;100(7):e275–e9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Dave SS, Fu K, Wright GW, Lam LT, Kluin P, Boerma EJ, Greiner TC, Weisenburger DD, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Müller-Hermelink HK, Gascoyne RD, Delabie J, Rimsza LM, Braziel RM, Grogan TM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Dave BJ, Sanger W, Bast M, Vose JM, Armitage JO, Connors JM, Smeland EB, Kvaloy S, Holte H, Fisher RI, Miller TP, Montserrat E, Wilson WH, Bahl M, Zhao H, Yang L, Powell J, Simon R, Chan WC, Staudt LM, Lymphoma/Leukemia Molecular Profiling Project. Molecular diagnosis of Burkitt’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(23):2431–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Piccaluga PP, De Falco G, Kustagi M, Gazzola A, Agostinelli C, Tripodo C, Leucci E, Onnis A, Astolfi A, Sapienza MR, Bellan C, Lazzi S, Tumwine L, Mawanda M, Ogwang M, Calbi V, Formica S, Califano A, Pileri SA, Leoncini L. Gene expression analysis uncovers similarity and differences among Burkitt lymphoma subtypes. Blood. 2011;117(13):3596–608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Schmitz R, Young RM, Ceribelli M, Jhavar S, Xiao W, Zhang M, Wright G, Shaffer AL, Hodson DJ, Buras E, Liu X, Powell J, Yang Y, Xu W, Zhao H, Kohlhammer H, Rosenwald A, Kluin P, Müller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Ogwang MD, Reynolds SJ, Fisher RI, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Pittaluga S, Wilson W, Waldmann TA, Rowe M, Mbulaiteye SM, Rickinson AB, Staudt LM. Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis and therapeutic targets from structural and functional genomics. Nature. 2012;490(7418):116–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Abate F, Ambrosio MR, Mundo L, Laginestra MA, Fuligni F, Rossi M, Zairis S, Gazaneo S, De Falco G, Lazzi S, Bellan C, Rocca BJ, Amato T, Marasco E, Etebari M, Ogwang M, Calbi V, Ndede I, Patel K, Chumba D, Piccaluga PP, Pileri S, Leoncini L, Rabadan R. Distinct viral and mutational spectrum of endemic Burkitt lymphoma. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11(10):e1005158.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. New approach to classifying non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: clinical features of the major histologic subtypes. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification Project. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(8):2780–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Liu Q, Salaverria I, Pittaluga S, Jegalian AG, Xi L, Siebert R, Raffeld M, Hewitt SM, Jaffe ES. Follicular lymphomas in children and young adults: a comparison of the pediatric variant with usual follicular lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013;37(3):333–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Louissaint A Jr, Ackerman AM, Dias-Santagata D, Ferry JA, Hochberg EP, Huang MS, Iafrate AJ, Lara DO, Pinkus GS, Salaverria I, Siddiquee Z, Siebert R, Weinstein HJ, Zukerberg LR, Harris NL, Hasserjian RP. Pediatric-type nodal follicular lymphoma: an indolent clonal proliferation in children and adults with high proliferation index and no BCL2 rearrangement. Blood. 2012;120(12):2395–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Salaverria I, Philipp C, Oschlies I, Kohler CW, Kreuz M, Szczepanowski M, Burkhardt B, Trautmann H, Gesk S, Andrusiewicz M, Berger H, Fey M, Harder L, Hasenclever D, Hummel M, Loeffler M, Mahn F, Martin-Guerrero I, Pellissery S, Pott C, Pfreundschuh M, Reiter A, Richter J, Rosolowski M, Schwaenen C, Stein H, Trümper L, Wessendorf S, Spang R, Küppers R, Klapper W, Siebert R, Molecular Mechanisms in Malignant Lymphomas Network Project of the Deutsche Krebshilfe, German High-Grade Lymphoma Study Group, Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster-NHL trial group. Translocations activating IRF4 identify a subtype of germinal center-derived B-cell lymphoma affecting predominantly children and young adults. Blood. 2011;118(1):139–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bödör C, Grossmann V, Popov N, Okosun J, O’Riain C, Tan K, Marzec J, Araf S, Wang J, Lee AM, Clear A, Montoto S, Matthews J, Iqbal S, Rajnai H, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Campo E, Rimsza LM, Smeland EB, Chan WC, Braziel RM, Staudt LM, Wright G, Lister TA, Elemento O, Hills R, Gribben JG, Chelala C, Matolcsy A, Kohlmann A, Haferlach T, Gascoyne RD, Fitzgibbon J. EZH2 mutations are frequent and represent an early event in follicular lymphoma. Blood. 2013;122(18):3165–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Okosun J, Bödör C, Wang J, Araf S, Yang CY, Pan C, Boller S, Cittaro D, Bozek M, Iqbal S, Matthews J, Wrench D, Marzec J, Tawana K, Popov N, O’Riain C, O’Shea D, Carlotti E, Davies A, Lawrie CH, Matolcsy A, Calaminici M, Norton A, Byers RJ, Mein C, Stupka E, Lister TA, Lenz G, Montoto S, Gribben JG, Fan Y, Grosschedl R, Chelala C, Fitzgibbon J. Integrated genomic analysis identifies recurrent mutations and evolution patterns driving the initiation and progression of follicular lymphoma. Nat Genet. 2014;46(2):176–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Green MR, Kihira S, Liu CL, Nair RV, Salari R, Gentles AJ, Irish J, Stehr H, Vicente-Dueñas C, Romero-Camarero I, Sanchez-Garcia I, Plevritis SK, Arber DA, Batzoglou S, Levy R, Alizadeh AA. Mutations in early follicular lymphoma progenitors are associated with suppressed antigen presentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(10):E1116–E25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Ambinder AJ, Shenoy PJ, Nastoupil LJ, Flowers CR. Using primary site as a predictor of survival in mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer. 2013;119(8):1570–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lee SJ, Suh CW, Lee SI, Kim WS, Lee WS, Kim HJ, Choi CW, Kim JS, Shin HJ, Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma. Clinical characteristics, pathological distribution. and prognostic factors in non-Hodgkin lymphoma of Waldeyer’s ring: nationwide Korean study. Korean J Intern Med. 2014;29(3):352–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Bracci PM, Benavente Y, Turner JJ, Paltiel O, Slager SL, Vajdic CM, Norman AD, Cerhan JR, Chiu BC, Becker N, Cocco P, Dogan A, Nieters A, Holly EA, Kane EV, Smedby KE, Maynadié M, Spinelli JJ, Roman E, Glimelius B, Wang SS, Sampson JN, Morton LM, de Sanjosé S. Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for marginal zone lymphoma: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014;2014(48):52–65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Caballero D, Campo E, López-Guillermo A, Martín A, Arranz-Sáez R, Giné E, López A, González-Barca E, Canales MÁ, González-Díaz M, Orfao A. Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Recommendations from the GEL/TAMO Spanish Cooperative Group. Ann Hematol. 2013;92(9):1151–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Nakashima MO, Durkin L, Bodo J, Lin J, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fu K, Hsi ED. Utility and diagnostic pitfalls of SOX11 monoclonal antibodies in mantle cell lymphoma and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2014;22(10):720–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wlodarska I, Dierickx D, Vanhentenrijk V, Van Roosbroeck K, Pospísilová H, Minnei F, Verhoef G, Thomas J, Vandenberghe P, De Wolf-Peeters C. Translocations targeting CCND2, CCND3, and MYCN do occur in t(11;14)-negative mantle cell lymphomas. Blood. 2008;111(12):5683–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Salaverria I, Royo C, Carvajal-Cuenca A, Clot G, Navarro A, Valera A, Song JY, Woroniecka R, Rymkiewicz G, Klapper W, Hartmann EM, Sujobert P, Wlodarska I, Ferry JA, Gaulard P, Ott G, Rosenwald A, Lopez-Guillermo A, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Siebert R, Campo E, Beà S. CCND2 rearrangements are the most frequent genetic events in cyclin D1(-) mantle cell lymphoma. Blood. 2013;121(8):1394–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Beà S, Valdés-Mas R, Navarro A, Salaverria I, Martín-Garcia D, Jares P, Giné E, Pinyol M, Royo C, Nadeu F, Conde L, Juan M, Clot G, Vizán P, Di Croce L, Puente DA, López-Guerra M, Moros A, Roue G, Aymerich M, Villamor N, Colomo L, Martínez A, Valera A, Martín-Subero JI, Amador V, Hernández L, Rozman M, Enjuanes A, Forcada P, Muntañola A, Hartmann EM, Calasanz MJ, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Hernández-Rivas JM, Klapper W, Siebert R, Wiestner A, Wilson WH, Colomer D, López-Guillermo A, López-Otín C, Puente XS, Campo E. Landscape of somatic mutations and clonal evolution in mantle cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(45):18250–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Wright D, McKeever P, Carter R. Childhood non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United Kingdom: findings from the UK Children’s Cancer Study Group. J Clin Pathol. 1997;50(2):128–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, Thiele J, Borowitz MJ, Le Beau MM, Bloomfield CD, Cazzola M, Vardiman JW. The. 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood. 2016;127(20):2391–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Coustan-Smith E, Mullighan CG, Onciu M, Behm FG, Raimondi SC, Pei D, Cheng C, Su X, Rubnitz JE, Basso G, Biondi A, Pui CH, Downing JR, Campana D. Early T-cell precursor leukaemia: a subtype of very high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(2):147–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Zhang J, Ding L, Holmfeldt L, Wu G, Heatley SL, Payne-Turner D, Easton J, Chen X, Wang J, Rusch M, Lu C, Chen SC, Wei L, Collins-Underwood JR, Ma J, Roberts KG, Pounds SB, Ulyanov A, Becksfort J, Gupta P, Huether R, Kriwacki RW, Parker M, McGoldrick DJ, Zhao D, Alford D, Espy S, Bobba KC, Song G, Pei D, Cheng C, Roberts S, Barbato MI, Campana D, Coustan-Smith E, Shurtleff SA, Raimondi SC, Kleppe M, Cools J, Shimano KA, Hermiston ML, Doulatov S, Eppert K, Laurenti E, Notta F, Dick JE, Basso G, Hunger SP, Loh ML, Devidas M, Wood B, Winter S, Dunsmore KP, Fulton RS, Fulton LL, Hong X, Harris CC, Dooling DJ, Ochoa K, Johnson KJ, Obenauer JC, Evans WE, Pui CH, Naeve CW, Ley TJ, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Mullighan CG. The genetic basis of early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature. 2012;481(7380):157–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Neumann M, Heesch S, Schlee C, Schwartz S, Gökbuget N, Hoelzer D, Konstandin NP, Ksienzyk B, Vosberg S, Graf A, Krebs S, Blum H, Raff T, Brüggemann M, Hofmann WK, Hecht J, Bohlander SK, Greif PA, Baldus CD. Whole-exome sequencing in adult ETP-ALL reveals a high rate of DNMT3A mutations. Blood. 2013;121(23):4749–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Neumann M, Coskun E, Fransecky L, Mochmann LH, Bartram I, Sartangi NF, Heesch S, Gökbuget N, Schwartz S, Brandts C, Schlee C, Haas R, Dührsen U, Griesshammer M, Döhner H, Ehninger G, Burmeister T, Blau O, Thiel E, Hoelzer D, Hofmann WK, Baldus CD. FLT3 mutations in early T-cell precursor ALL characterize a stem cell like leukemia and imply the clinical use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Graux C, Cools J, Michaux L, Vandenberghe P, Hagemeijer A. Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: from thymocyte to lymphoblast. Leukemia. 2006;20(9):1496–510.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Van Vlierberghe P, Ferrando A. The molecular basis of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(10):3398–406.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Ohgami RS, Arber DA, Zehnder JL, Natkunam Y, Warnke RA. Indolent T-lymphoblastic proliferation (iT-LBP): a review of clinical and pathologic features and distinction from malignant T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Adv Anat Pathol. 2013;20(3):137–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Isaacson PG, Du MQ. MALT lymphoma: from morphology to molecules. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004 Aug;4(8):644–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Suh C, Huh J, Roh JL. Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue arising in the extracranial head and neck region: a high rate of dissemination and disease recurrence. Oral Oncol. 2008;44(10):949–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Wenzel C, Fiebiger W, Dieckmann K, Formanek M, Chott A, Raderer M. Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the head and neck area: high rate of disease recurrence following local therapy. Cancer. 2003;97(9):2236–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Falini B, Agostinelli C, Bigerna B, Pucciarini A, Pacini R, Tabarrini A, Falcinelli F, Piccioli M, Paulli M, Gambacorta M, Ponzoni M, Tiacci E, Ascani S, Martelli MP, Dalla Favera R, Stein H, Pileri SA. IRTA1 is selectively expressed in nodal and extranodal marginal zone lymphomas. Histopathology. 2012;61(5):930–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nocturne G, Mariette X. Sjögren Syndrome-associated lymphomas: an update on pathogenesis and management. Br J Haematol. 2015;168(3):317–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Chanudet E, Ye H, Ferry J, Bacon CM, Adam P, Müller-Hermelink HK, Radford J, Pileri SA, Ichimura K, Collins VP, Hamoudi RA, Nicholson AG, Wotherspoon AC, Isaacson PG, Du MQ. A20 deletion is associated with copy number gain at the TNFA/B/C locus and occurs preferentially in translocation-negative MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa and salivary glands. J Pathol. 2009;217(3):420–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Streubel B, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Müllauer L, Lamprecht A, Huber D, Siebert R, Stolte M, Trautinger F, Lukas J, Püspök A, Formanek M, Assanasen T, Müller-Hermelink HK, Cerroni L, Raderer M, Chott A. Variable frequencies of MALT lymphoma-associated genetic aberrations in MALT lymphomas of different sites. Leukemia. 2004;18(10):1722–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Arcaini L, Burcheri S, Rossi A, Paulli M, Bruno R, Passamonti F, Brusamolino E, Molteni A, Pulsoni A, Cox MC, Orsucci L, Fabbri A, Frezzato M, Voso MT, Zaja F, Montanari F, Merli M, Pascutto C, Morra E, Cortelazzo S, Lazzarino M. Prevalence of HCV infection in nongastric marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(2):346–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ochoa ER, Harris NL, Pilch BZ. Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the salivary gland arising in chronic sclerosing sialadenitis (Küttner tumor). Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25(12):1546–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Cheuk W, Yuen HK, Chan AC, Shih LY, Kuo TT, Ma MW, Lo YF, Chan WK, Chan JK. Ocular adnexal lymphoma associated with IgG4+ chronic sclerosing dacryoadenitis: a previously undescribed complication of IgG4-related sclerosing disease. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32(8):1159–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Delecluse HJ, Anagnostopoulos I, Dallenbach F, Hummel M, Marafioti T, Schneider U, Huhn D, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Reichart PA, Gross U, Stein H. Plasmablastic lymphomas of the oral cavity: a new entity associated with the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Blood. 1997;89(4):1413–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Castillo JJ, Bibas M, Miranda RN. The biology and treatment of plasmablastic lymphoma. Blood. 2015;125(15):2323–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Valera A, Balagué O, Colomo L, Martínez A, Delabie J, Taddesse-Heath L, Jaffe ES, Campo E. IG/MYC rearrangements are the main cytogenetic alteration in plasmablastic lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(11):1686–94.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Boy SC, van Heerden MB, Babb C, van Heerden WF, Willem P. Dominant genetic aberrations and coexistent EBV infection in HIV-related oral plasmablastic lymphomas. Oral Oncol. 2011;47(9):883–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Nicholson HS, Egeler RM, Nesbit ME. The epidemiology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1998;12(2):379–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Irving RM, Broadbent V, Jones NS. Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis in childhood: management of head and neck manifestations. Laryngoscope. 1994;104(1):64–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Pileri SA, Grogan TM, Harris NL, Banks P, Campo E, Chan JK, Favera RD, Delsol G, De Wolf-Peeters C, Falini B, Gascoyne RD, Gaulard P, Gatter KC, Isaacson PG, Jaffe ES, Kluin P, Knowles DM, Mason DY, Mori S, Müller-Hermelink HK, Piris MA, Ralfkiaer E, Stein H, Su IJ, Warnke RA, Weiss LM. Tumours of histiocytes and accessory dendritic cells: an immunohistochemical approach to classification from the International Lymphoma Study Group based on 61 cases. Histopathology. 2002;41(1):1–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Badalian-Very G, Vergilio JA, Degar BA, MacConaill LE, Brandner B, Calicchio ML, Kuo FC, Ligon AH, Stevenson KE, Kehoe SM, Garraway LA, Hahn WC, Meyerson M, Fleming MD, Rollins BJ. Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 2010;116(11):1919–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Brown NA, Furtado LV, Betz BL, Kiel MJ, Weigelin HC, Lim MS, Elenitoba-Johnson KS. High prevalence of somatic MAP2K1 mutations in BRAF V600E-negative Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 2014;124(10):1655–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Pileri SA, Ascani S, Cox MC, Campidelli C, Bacci F, Piccioli M, Piccaluga PP, Agostinelli C, Asioli S, Novero D, Bisceglia M, Ponzoni M, Gentile A, Rinaldi P, Franco V, Vincelli D, Pileri A Jr, Gasbarra R, Falini B, Zinzani PL, Baccarani M. Myeloid sarcoma: clinico-pathologic, phenotypic and cytogenetic analysis of 92 adult patients. Leukemia. 2007;21(2):340–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Zhou J, Bell D, Medeiros LJ. Myeloid sarcoma of the head and neck region. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137(11):1560–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Falini B, Lenze D, Hasserjian R, Coupland S, Jaehne D, Soupir C, Liso A, Martelli MP, Bolli N, Bacci F, Pettirossi V, Santucci A, Martelli MF, Pileri S, Stein H. Cytoplasmic mutated nucleophosmin (NPM) defines the molecular status of a significant fraction of myeloid sarcomas. Leukemia. 2007;21(7):1566–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Noah A. Brown

  2. Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 609A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 420 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 1904, USA

    Kojo S. J. Elenitoba-Johnson

Authors
  1. Noah A. Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kojo S. J. Elenitoba-Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kojo S. J. Elenitoba-Johnson.

Additional information

Special Issue: World Health Organization Classification Update

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brown, N.A., Elenitoba-Johnson, K.S.J. Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: Hematolymphoid Tumours. Head and Neck Pathol 11, 96–109 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-017-0802-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-017-0802-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation