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The pro-tumorigenic responses in metastatic niches: an immunological perspective

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Abstract

Metastasis is the leading cause of mortality related to cancer. In the course of metastasis, cancer cells detach from the primary tumor, enter the circulation, extravasate at secondary sites, and colonize there. All of these steps are rate limiting and decrease the efficiency of metastasis. Prior to their arrival, tumor cells can modify the secondary sites. These favorable microenvironments increase the probability of successful dissemination and are referred to as pre-metastatic niches. Cancer cells use different mechanisms to induce and maintain these niches, among which immune cells play prominent roles. The immune system, including innate and adaptive, enhances recruitment, extravasation, and colonization of tumor cells at distant sites. In addition to immune cells, stromal cells can also contribute to forming pre-metastatic niches. This review summarizes the pro-metastatic responses conducted by immune cells and the assistance of stromal cells and endothelial cells in the induction of pre-metastatic niches.

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  1. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Mohammad Hossein Mirzapour

  2. Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Hossein Mirzapour, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan & Sepideh Razi

  3. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan

  4. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Sepideh Razi

  5. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran

    Sepideh Razi & Nima Rezaei

  6. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nima Rezaei

  7. Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden

    Nima Rezaei

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Mirzapour, M.H., Heidari-Foroozan, M., Razi, S. et al. The pro-tumorigenic responses in metastatic niches: an immunological perspective. Clin Transl Oncol 25, 333–344 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-022-02950-4

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