Abstract
Positron emission tomography with 2-(18F)-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG-PET) is a metabolic imaging technique. FDG-PET is more accurate than CT for the evaluation of mediastinal involvement in patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer, offering a high negative predictive value. It can detect occult metastases in 11% of patients, although the etiology of the extrathoracic isolated uptakes needs confirmation. Theoretically, FDG-PET can influence the planning volume for radiotherapy, primarily in patients with atelectasis. Quantification of metabolic activity using FDG-PET is influenced by the size of the lesion, glucose levels and the time elapsed since the isotope injection. More clinical trials are required to standardize the methods for performing PET, assess its use as a prognostic factor and for the evaluation of treatment response.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sobin LH, Wiyyekind C (eds) (2002) TNM classification of malignant tumours, 6th edn. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Vansteenkiste J, Fischer BM, Dooms C, Mortensen J (2004) Positron-emission tomography in prognostic and therapeutic assessment of lung cancer: systematic review. Lancet Oncol 5:531–540
Gould MK, Mclean CC, Kuschner WG et al (2001) Accuracy of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and mass lesions: a meta-analysis. JAMA 285:914–924
Nomori H, Watanabe K, Ohtsuka T et al (2005) Visual and semiquantitative analyses for F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET scanning in pulmonary nodules 1 cm to 3 cm in size. Ann Thorac Surg 79:984–988
Nolop KB, Rodees CG, Brudin LH et al (1987) Glucose utilization in vivo by human pulmonary neoplasms. Cancer 60:2682–2689
Behzadi A, Ung Y, Lowe V, Deschamps C (2009) The role of positron emission tomography in the management of non-small cell lung cancer. Can J Surg 52:235–242
Pieterman RM, van Putten JW, Meuzelaar JJ et al (2000) Preoperative staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with positron-emission tomography. N Engl J Med 343:254–261
Port JL, Andrade RS, Levin MA et al (2005) Positron emission tomographic scanning in the diagnosis and staging of non-small cell lung cancer 2 cm in size or less. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130:1611–1615
Gupta NC, Rogers JS, Graeber GM et al (2002) Clinical role of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in patients with lung cancer and suspected malignant pleural effusion. Chest 122:1918–1924
Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Rossi SE et al (2000) FDG PET of pleural effusions in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:245–249
Kramer H, Groen HJM (2003) Current concepts in the mediastinal lymph node staging in suspected lung cancer: comparison of positron emission tomography with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose and mediastinoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 75:231–235
Dales RE, Stark RM, Raman S (1990) Computed tomography to stage lung cancer. Approaching a controversy using meta-analysis. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:1096–1101
Dwamena BA, Sonnad SS, Angobaldo JO, Wahl RL (1999) Metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: mediastinal staging in the 1990s-metaanalytic comparison of PET and CT. Radiology 213:530–536
Toloza EM, Harpole L, McCrory DC (2003) Noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: a review of the current evidence. Chest 123[Suppl 1]:147S–156S
Silvestri GA, Tanoue LT, Margolis ML et al; American College of Chest Physicians (2003) The noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: the guidelines. Chest 123[Suppl 1]:147S–156S
Reed CE, Harpole DH, Posther KE et al; American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial (2003) Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial: the utility of positron emission tomography in staging potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126:1943–1951
Graeter TP, Hellwig D, Hoffmann K et al (2003) Mediastinal lymph node staging in suspected lung cancer: comparison of positron emission tomography with F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and mediastinoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 75:231–235; discussion 235–236
Birim Ö, Kappetein AP, Stijnen T, Bogers JJC (2005) Meta-analysis of positron emission tomographic and computed tomographic imaging in detecting mediastinal lymph node metastases in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 79:375–381
Perigaud C, Bridji B, Roussel JC et al (2009) Prospective preoperative mediastinal lymph node staging by integrated positron emission tomography-computerised tomography in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 36:731–736
Alongi F, Ragusa P, Montemaggi P, Bona CM (2006) Combining independent studies of diagnostic fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography and computed tomography in mediastinal lymph node staging for non-small cell lung cancer. Tumori 92:327–333
Turkmen C, Sonmezoglu K, Toker A et al (2007) The additional value of FDG PET imaging for distinguishing N0 or N1 from N2 stage in preoperative staging of non-small cell lung cancer in region where the prevalence of inflammatory lung disease is high. Clin Nucl Med 32:607–612
Al Sarraf N, Aziz R, Gately K et al (2008) Pattern and predictors of occult mediastinal lymph node involvement in non-small cell lung cancer patients with negative mediastinal uptake on positron emission tomography. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 33:104–109
Lee PC (2007) Risk factors for occult mediastinal metastases in clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 84:177
Detterbeck FC, Falen S, Rivera MP et al (2004) Seeking a home for a PET, Part 2: Defining the appropiate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the staging of patients with suspected lung cancer. Chest 125:2300–2308
Spiro SG, Porter JC (2002) Lung cancer: where are we today? Current advances in staging and nonsurgical treatment. Am J Resir Crit Care Med 166:1166–1196
Pfister DG, Johson DH, Azzoli CG et al; American Society of Clinical Oncology (2002) American Society of Clinical Oncology treatment of unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer guideline: update 2003. J Clin Oncol 22:330–353
Gould MK, Kuscher WG, Rydzak CE et al (2003) Test performance of positron emission tomogra phy and computed tomography for mediastinal staging in patients with non-small lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 139:879–892
Cerfolio RJ, Ojha B, Bryant AS et al (2003) The role of FDG-PET scan in staging patients with non-small cell carcinoma. Am Thorac Surg 76: 861–866
Van Tinteren H, Hoekstra OS, Smit EF et al (2002) Effectiveness of positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of patients with suspected non-small-cell lung cancer: the PLUS multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 359:1388–1393
Passlick B (2004) Mediastinal staging (take home messages). Lung Cancer [Suppl 2]:s85–s87
Viney RC, Boyer MJ, King MT et al (2004) Randomized controlled trial of the role of positron emission tomography in the management of stage I and II non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 22:2357–2362
Herder GJ, Kramer H, Hoekstra OS et al; POORT Study Group (2004) Traditional versus up-front 18FDG PET staging of non-small cell lung cancer: a Ducth co-operative randomized study. J Clin Oncol 24:1800–1806
Fischer B, Lassen U, Mortensen J et al (2009) Preoperative staging of lung cancer with combined PET-CT. N Engl J Med 361:32–39
De Geus-Oei LF, Krieken JH, Aliredjo RP et al (2007) Biological correlates of FDG uptake in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 55:79–87
Groen HJM, Sleijfer DT, de Vries EGE (2005) Positron emission tomography computerized tomography, and endoscopic ultrasound with needle aspiration for lung cancer. American Society of Clinical Oncology (Educational Book), 579–585
Gu P, Zhao YZ, Jiang LY et al (2009) Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for staging of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 45:1389–1396
Rusch VW (2005) Mediastinoscopy: an endangered species? J Clin Oncol 23:8283–8285
Buck AK, Herrmann K, Schreyögg J (2011) PET/ CT for staging lung cancer: costly or cost-saving? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 38:799–801
Meyers BF, Haddad F, Siegel BA et al (2006) Cost-effectiveness of routine mediastinoscopy in computed tomography- and positron emission tomography-screened patients with stage I lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131:822–829
Ukena D, Hellwing D (2004) Value of FDG PET in the management of NSCLC. Lung Cancer 45[Suppl 2]:s75–s78
Valk PE, Pounds TR, Hopkins DM et al (1995) Staging non-small cell lung cancer by wholebody positron emission tomographic imaging. Ann Thorac Surg 60:1573–1581
Weder W, Schmid RA, Bruchlaus H et al (1998) Detection of extrathoracic metastases by positron emission tomography in lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 66:886–892
MacManus MP, Hicks RJ, Matthews J et al (2001) High rate of detection of unsuspected distant metastases by PET in apparent stage III non-smallcell lung cancer: implications for radical radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50:287–293
Lardinois D, Weder W, Roudas M et al (2005) Etiology of solitary extrapulmonary positron emission tomography and computed tomography findings in patients with lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:6846–6853
Choi JY, Lee KY, Kwon OJ et al (2005) Improved detection of second primary cancer using integrated [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography for initial tumor staging. J Clin Oncol 23:7654–7659
Burt M, Heelan RT, Coit D et al (1994) Prospective evaluation of unilateral adrenal masses in patients with operable non-small-cell lung cancer: Impact of magnetic resonace imaging. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107:584–588
Marom EM, McAdams HP, Erasmus JJ et al (1999) Staging non-small cell lung cancer with whole-body PET. Radiology 212:803–809
Jana S, Zhang T, Milstein DM et al (2006) FDGPET and CT characterization of adrenal lesions in cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33:29–35
Kumar R, Xiu Y, Yu JQ et al (2004) 18F-FDG PET in evaluation of adrenal lesions of patients with lung cancer. J Nucl Med 45:2058–2062
Metser U, Miller E, Lerman H et al (2006) 18FFDG PET/CT in the evaluation of adrenal masses. J Nucl Med 47:32–37
Bury T, Barreto A, Daenen F et al (1998) Fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the detection of bone metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 16:3375–3379
Cook GJ, Houston S, Rubens R et al (1998) Detection of bone metastases in breast cancer by 18FDG PET: Differing metabolic activity in osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions. J Clin Oncol 16:3375–3379
Meyer M, Gast T, Raja S, Hubner K (1994) Increased F-18 FDG accumulation in an acute fracture. Clin Nucl Med 19:13–14
Qu X, Huang X, Yan W et al (2011) A metaanalysis of (18)FDG-PET-CT, (18)FDG-PET, MRI and bone scintigraphy for diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with lung cancer. Eur J Radiol (Epub ahead of print)
Liu T, Xu JY, Xu W et al (2011) Fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy for the diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with lung cancer: which one is the best? — a metaanalysis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 23:350–358
Halpern BS, Schiepers C, Weber WA et al (2005) Presurgical staging of non-small cell lung cancer: positron emission tomography, integrated positron emission tomography/CT, and software image fusion. Chest 128:2289–2297
Simó M, Cirera L, García-Garzon JR et al (2006) Impacto clínico de la PET con 18FDG en la selección de la terapia de los pacientes oncológicos. Oncología 29:150–157
Mankoff DA, Bellon JR (2001) Positron-emission tomographic imaging of cancer: glucose metabolism and beyond. Semin Radiat Oncol 11:16–27
Stroobants S, Verschakelen J, Vansteenkiste J (2003) Value of FDG-PET in the management of non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Radiol 45:49–59
Veselle H, Schmidt RA, Pugley JM et al (2000) Lung cancer proliferation correlates with [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by positron emission tomography. Clin Cancer Res 6:3837–3844
Bos R, Van der Hoeven JJ, Van Der Wall E et al (2002) Biologic correlates of (18)flurodeoxyglucose uptake in human breast cancer mesasured by positron emission tomography. J Clin Oncol 20:379–387
Duhaylongsod FG, Lowe VJ, Patz EF et al (1995) Lung tumor growth correlates with glucose metabolism measured by fluride-18-fluodeoxygluose positron emission tomography. Ann Thorac Surg 60:1348–1352
Ahuja V, Coleman RE, Herndon J, Patz EF (1998) The prognostic significance of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging for patients with non-small-cell-lung carcinoma. Cancer 83:918–924
Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, Dupont PJ et al (1999) Prognostic importance of the standardized uptake value on FDG-PET scan in non-small-cell lung cancer: an analysis of 125 cases. J Clin Oncol 17:3201–3206
Dhital K, Saunders CA, Seed PT et al (2000) [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and its prognostic value in lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 18:425–428
Higashi K, Ueda Y, Arisaka Y et al (2002) 18FFDG uptake as a biologic prognostic for factor recurrence in patients with surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer. J Nucl Med 43:39–45
Jeong HJ, Min JJ, Park JM et al (2002) Determination of the prognostic value of [(18) F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by using positron emission tomography in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Nucl Med Commun 23:865–870
Borst GR, Belderbos JSA, Boellaard R et al (2005) Captación de FDG estandarizada: un factor pronóstico en el cáncer de pulmón no microcítico inoperable. Eur J Cancer (ed. española) 41:1533–1541
Sasaki R, Komaki R, Macapinlac H et al (2005) [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by positron emission tomography predicts outcome of nonsmall-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:1136–1143
Lee BE, Redwine J, Foster C et al (2008) Mediastinoscopy might not be necessary in patients with non-small cell lung cancer with mediastinal lymph nodes having a maximum standardized uptake value of less than 5.3. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 135:615–619
Weber WA (2005) Use of PET for monitoring cancer therapy and for predicting outcome. J Nucl Med 49:983–995
Downey RJ, Akhurts T, Gonen M et al (2004) Preoperative F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography maximal standardized uptake value predicts survival after lung cancer resection. J Clin Oncol 22:3255–3260
Stahl A, Ott K, Schwaiger M, Weber WA (2004) Comparison of different SUV-based methods for monitoring cytotoxic therapy with FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31:1471–1478
Berghmans T, Dusart M, Paesmans M et al; European Lung Cancer Working Party for the IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project (2008) Primary tumor standarized uptake value (SUVmax) measured on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is of prognostic value for survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a systematic review and meta-analysis (MA) by the European Lung Cancer Working Party for the IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project. J Thorac Oncol 3:6–12
Junker K, Langner K, Klinke F et al (2001) Grading of tumor regression in non-small-cell lung cancer: morphology and prognosis. Chest 120: 1584–1591
Yamane T, Daimaru O, Ito S et al (2004) Decreased 18F-FDG uptake 1 day after initiation of chemotherapy for malignant lymphomas. J Nucl Med 45:1838–1842
Spaepen K, Stroobants S, Dupont P et al (2001) Prognostic value of positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ([18]FDG) after first-line chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: is [18]FDG-PET a valid alternative to conventional diagnostic methods? J Clin Oncol 19:414–419
Flamen P, Van Custem E, Lerut A et al (2002) Positron emission tomography for assessment of the response to induction radiochemotherapy in locally advanced oesophageal cancer. Ann Oncol 13:361–368
Wieder HA, Brücher BL, Zimmermann F et al (2004) Time course of tumor metabolic activity during chemoradiotherapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and response to treatment. J Clin Oncol 22:900–908
Ott K, Fink U, Becker K et al (2003) Prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy in gastric carcinoma by metabolic imaging: results of a prospective trial. J Clin Oncol 21:4604–4610
Schulte M, Brecht-Krauss D, Werner M et al (1999) Evaluation of neoadjuvant therapy response of osteogenic sarcoma using FDG PET. J Nucl Med 40:1637–1643
Su H, Bodenstein C, Dumont RA et al (2006) Monitoring tumor glucose utilization by positron emission tomography for the prediction of treatment response to epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 12:5659–5667
Mak RH, Digumarthy SR, Muzikansky A et al (2011) Role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in predicting epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 16:319–326
Ichiya Y, Kuwabara Y, Sasaki M et al (1996) A clinical evaluation of FDG-PET to assess the response in radiation therapy for bronchogenic carcinoma. Ann Nucl Med 10:193–200
Choi NC, Fischman AJ, Niemierko A et al (2002) Dose-response relationship between probability of pathologic tumor control and glucose metabolic rate measured with FDG PET after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54:1024–1035
MacManus MP, Hicks RJ, Matthews JP et al (2003) Positron emission tomography is superior to computed tomography scanning for responseassessment after radical radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 21:1285–1292
Ryu JS, Choi NC, Fischman AJ et al (2002) FDGPET in staging and restaging non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: correlation with histopathology. Lung Cancer 35:179–187
Webwer WA, Petersen V, Schmidt B et al (2003) Positron emission tomography in non-small cell lung cancer: prediction of response to chemotherapy by quantitative assessment of glucose use. J Clin Oncol 21:2651–2692
Hoeskstra CJ, Stroobants SG, Smit EF et al (2005) Prognostic relevance of response evaluation using [18F]-2-Fluoro-2-deoxi-D-glucose positron emission tomography in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:8362–8370
Rebollo-Aguirre AC, Ramos-Font C, Villegas Portero R et al (2010) Is FDG-PET suitable for evaluating neoadjuvant therapy in non-small cell lung cancer? Evidence with systematic review of the literature. J Surg Oncol 101:486–494
Hoekstra CJ, Paglianiti I, Hekstra OS et al (2000) Monitoring response to therapy in cancer using [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose and positron emission tomography: an overview of different analytical methods. Eur J Nucl Med 27:731–743
Eschmann SM, Friedel G, Paulsen F et al (2007) 18F-FDG PET for assessment of therapy response and preoperative re-evaluation after neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy in stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34: 463–471
Mileshkin L, Hicks RJ, Hughes BG et al (2011) Changes in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 18F-fluorodeoxythymidine positron emission tomography imaging in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with erlotinib. Clin Cancer Res 17:3304–3315
Robinson LA, Ruckdeschel JC, Wagner H Jr, Stevens CW; American College of Chest Physicians (2007) Treatment of non-small cell lung cancerstage IIIA: ACCP evidence based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 132:243S–265S
Ciernik IF, Dizendorf E, Baumert BG et al (2003) Radiation treatment planning with an integrated positron emission and computer tomography (PET/CT): a feasibility study. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 57:853–863
Van Der Wel A, Nijsten S, Hochstenbag M et al (2005) Increased therapeutic ratio by 18FDG-PET CT planning in patients with clinical CT stage N2-N3 M0 non-small-cell lung cancer: a modeling study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61:649–655
Mah K, Caldwell C, Ung Y et al (2002) The impact of (18)FDG-PET on target and critical organs in CT-based treatment planning of patients with poorly defined non-small cell lung carcinoma: a prospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52:339–350
Van de Steene J, Linthout N, de Mey J et al (2002) Definition of gross tumor volume in lung cancer: interobserver variability. Radiother Oncol 62:37–49
Steenbakkers RJ, Duppen JC, Fitton I et al (2005) Observer variation in target volume delineation of lung cancer related to radiation oncologistcomputer interaction: a “Big Brother” evaluation. Radiother Oncol 24:182–190
Erdi YE, Rosenzweig K, Erdi AK et al (2002) Radiotherapy treatment planning for patients with non-small cell lung cancer using positron emission tomography (PET). Radiother Oncol 62:51–60
Kunkel M, Wahlmann U, Grötz KA et al (1998) [Value of (F18)-2-fluorodeoxyglucose PET scanning in staging mouth cavity carcinoma. Comparative evaluation of PET findings before and after preoperative radiochemotherapy with histological and computerized tomography findings]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 2:181–187
Munley MT, Marks LB, Scarfone C et al (1999) Multimodality nuclear medicine imaging in threedimensional radiation treatment planning for lung cancer: challenges and prospects. Lung Cancer 23:105–114
Nestle U, Walter K, Schmidt S et al (1999) 18Fdeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) for the planning of radiotherapy in lung cancer: high impact in patients with atelectasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 44:593–597
Giraud P, De Rycke Y, Minet P et al (2001) Estimation of the probability of mediastinal involvement: a statistical definition of the clinical target volume for 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer? Cancer Radiother 5:725–736
Caldwell CB, Mah K, Ung YC et al (2001) Observer variation in contouring gross tumor volume in patients with poorly defined non-small-cell lung tumors on CT: the impact of 18FDG-hybrid PET fusion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51:923–931
MacManus MP, Hicks RJ, Ball DL et al (2001) F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography staging in radical radiotherapy candidates with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: powerful correlation with survival and high impact on treatment. Cancer 92:886–895
Ashamalla H, Rafla S, Parikh K et al (2005) The contribution of integrated PET/CT to the evolving definition of treatment volumes in radiation treatment planning in lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63:1016–1023
Messa C, Ceresoli GL, Rizzo G et al (2005) Feasibility of [18F]FDG-PET and coregistered CT on clinical target volume definition of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 49:259–266
Vanuystel L, Vansteenkiste J, Stroobants S et al (2000) The impact of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) lymph node staging on the radiation treatment volumes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 55:317–324
Bradley J, Thorstad WL, Mutic S et al (2004) Impact of FDG-PET on radiation therapy volume delineation in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 59:78–86
Deniaud-Alexandre E, Touboul E, Lerouge D et al (2005) Impact of computed tomography and 18F-Deoxyglucose coincidence detection emission tomography image fusion for optimization of conformal radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63:1432–1441
Bruzzi JF, Truong MT, Marom EM et al (2006) Incidental findings on integrated PET/CT that do not accumulate 18F-FDG. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:1116–1123
Aquino SL, Asmuth JC, Alpert NM et al (2003) Improved radiologic staging of lung cancer with 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography and computed tomography registration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 27:479–484
Verschakelen JA, De Wever W, Bogaert J (2004) Role of computed tomography in lung cancer staging. Curr Opin Pulm Med 27:479–484
Cerfolio RJ, Ojha B, Bryant AS et al (2004) The accuracy of integrated PET-CT compared with dedicated PET alone for the staging of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 78:1017–1023
Antoch G, Stattaus J, Nemat AT et al (2003) Nonsmall cell lung cancer: dual-modality PET/CT in preoperative staging. Radiology 229:526–533
Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, De Leyn PR et al (1997) Mediastinal lymph node staging with FDG-PET scan in patients with potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective analysis of 50 cases. Chest 112:1480–1486
Magnani P, Carretta A, Rizzo G et al (1999) FDG/ PET and spiral CT image fusion for medistinal lymph node assessment of non-small cell lung cancer patients. J Cardiovasc Surg 40:741–748
Pozo-Rodríguez F, Martín de Nicolás JL, Sánchez-Nistal MA et al (2005) Accuracy of helical computed tomography and [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for identifying lymph node mediastinal metastases in potencially resectable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:8348–8356
Bar-Shalom R, Yefremov N, Guralnik L et al (2003) Clinical performance of PET/CT in evaluation of cancer: additional value for diagnostic imaging and patient managememt. J Nucl Med 44:1200–1209
Rodríguez Garrido M, Asensio del Barrio C (2004) PET-TAC: Indicaciones, revisión sistemática y meta-análisis. AETS-Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Shim SS, Lee KS, Kim BT et al (2005) Non-small cell lung cancer: prospective comparison of integrated FDG PET/T and CT alone for preoperative staging. Radiology 236:1011–1019
Hicks RJ, Kalff V, MacManus MP et al (2001) [18F]FDG PET provides high-impact and powerful prognostic stratification in staging newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer. J Nucl Med 42:1596–1604
Schmücking M, Baum RP, Griesinger F et al (2003) Molecular whole-body cancer staging using positron emission tomography: consequences for therapeutic management and metabolic radiation treatment planning. Recent Results Cancer Res 162:195–202
Kiffer JD, Berlangieri SU, Scott AM et al (1998) The contribution of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomographic imaging to radiotherapy planning in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 19:167–177
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ibeas, P., Cantos, B., Gasent, J.M. et al. PET-CT in the staging and treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 13, 368–377 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-011-0670-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-011-0670-5