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Pattern formation features might explain homoplasy: fertile surfaces in higher fungi as an example

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Abstract

Fungi show a high degree of morphological convergence. Regarded for a long time as an obstacle for phylogenetic studies, homoplasy has also been proposed as a source of information about underlying morphogenetic patterning mechanisms. The "local-activation and long-range inhibition principle" (LALIP), underlying the famous reaction–diffusion model proposed by Alan Turing in 1952, appears to be one of the universal phenomena that can explain the ontogenetic origin of seriate patterns in living organisms. Reproductive structures of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes show a highly periodic structure resulting in, for example, poroid, odontoid, lamellate or labyrinthic hymenophores. In this paper, we claim that self-organized patterns might underlie the basic ontogenetic processes of these structures. Simulations based on LALIP-driven models and covering a wide range of parameters show an absolute mutual correspondence with the morphospace explored by extant agaricomycetes. This could not only explain geometric particularities but could also account for the limited possibilities displayed by hymenial configurations, thus making homoplasy a direct consequence of the limited morphospace resulting from the proposed patterning dynamics.

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Fig. 1

modified from Chen et al. 2016), the order Gloeophyllales (modified from Chen et al. 2020) and the phlebioid clade in the order Polyporales (modified from Miettinen et al. 2016)

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Alejandro Sequeira for his invaluable help with the artwork and images, Michael Weese, who also provided an image and Juan Pablo Toribio for proofreading the manuscript. The financial support was provided by FONCyT (Grant PICT 2018-3781 to FK) and CONICET.

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  1. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611 CC. 4955000, Córdoba, Argentina

    Francisco Kuhar, Leticia Terzzoli & Eduardo Nouhra

  2. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias BioTecA3 - Centro de Biotecnología Aplicada Al Agro Y Alimentos, Universidad Nacionel de Córdoba, Ing. Agr. Félix Aldo Marrone 746, CC509 - CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina

    Gerardo Robledo

  3. CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290, (C1425FQB), CABA, Argentina

    Gerardo Robledo

  4. Institute of Applied Mathematics (IAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    Moritz Mercker

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  1. Francisco Kuhar
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The form is not encoded; what is encoded is the developmental path that leads to it Siber & Ziherl 2017.

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Kuhar, F., Terzzoli, L., Nouhra, E. et al. Pattern formation features might explain homoplasy: fertile surfaces in higher fungi as an example. Theory Biosci. 141, 1–11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-022-00363-z

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