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Adaptation to different climates results in divergent phenotypic plasticity of wing size and shape in an invasive drosophilid

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Abstract

The phenotypic plasticity of wing size and wing shape of Zaprionus indianus was investigated in relation to growth temperature (17°C to 31°C) in two natural populations living under different climates, equatorial and subtropical. The two populations were clearly distinguished not only by their wing size (the populations from the colder climate being bigger in size), but also by the shape of the response curves to growth temperature i.e., their reaction norms. In this respect, the temperature at which the size of the wing was maximum was about 3°C higher in the equatorial population. Such a difference in size plasticity is already found in two other nonclosely related species, might be a general evolutionary pattern in drosophilids. Wing shape was investigated by calculating an ellipse included into the wing blade, then by considering the ratio of the two axes, and also by analysing the angular position of 10 wing-vein landmarks. For an overall shape index (ratio of the two axes of the ellipse), a regular and almost linear increase was observed with increasing temperature i.e., a more round shape at high temperatures. Wing shape was also analysed by considering the variations of the various angles according to temperature. A diversity of response curves was observed, revealing either a monotonous increase or decrease with increasing temperature, and sometimes a bell shape curve. An interesting conclusion is that, in most cases, a significant difference was observed between the two populations, and the difference was more pronounced at low temperatures. These angular variations are difficult to interpret in an evolutionary context. More comparative studies should be undertaken before reaching some general conclusions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21944-970, Brazil

    Roberta Loh & Blanche Christine Bitner-Mathé

  2. Laboratoire Evolution, Génome, Spéciation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France et Université Paris Sud 11, 91405 Orsay cédex, UMR5202, Paris, France

    Jean R. David

  3. Départment Systématique et Evolution, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR5202, Paris, France

    Vincent Debat

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  1. Roberta Loh
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  2. Jean R. David
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  3. Vincent Debat
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  4. Blanche Christine Bitner-Mathé
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Correspondence to Blanche Christine Bitner-Mathé.

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Loh, R., David, J.R., Debat, V. et al. Adaptation to different climates results in divergent phenotypic plasticity of wing size and shape in an invasive drosophilid. J Genet 87, 209–217 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-008-0034-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-008-0034-2

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