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Biological Roles of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Facilitating Neural Regeneration: A Systematic Review

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Abstract

Continuous renewal of neurons throughout life in the olfactory system is often thought to be partially attributable to specialized glial cells called olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). Hitherto, several studies have demonstrated that transplantation of OECs is one of the most promising strategies available to augment axonal regeneration and functional recovery following damage to the nervous system, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Based on these studies, a number of pre-clinical studies worldwide have been initiated using autologous transplantation of OECs into damaged central and peripheral nervous systems. Although OECs play a major role in promotion of neuron regeneration of the injured central nervous system (CNS), especially to SCI, limited valuable information is available regarding the beneficial characteristics of OECs in facilitating neural regeneration. Moreover, an increasing number of controversial issues related to the biology of OECs and their transplantation must be addressed. This step is important to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms modulated by transplanted OECs. To start shedding light into these controversial issues, this paper provides a systematic review regarding OECs’ beneficial roles in neural regeneration, and the unique properties of these cells that may exert a potential advantage over other cellular transplants.

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Abbreviations

BDNF:

Brain-derived Neurotrophic factor

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic proteins

CNS:

Central nervous system

CNTF:

Ciliary neurotrophic factor

CXCL-1:

CHEMOKINE CXC ligand-1

DHH:

Desert hedgehog

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factors

GDNF:

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor

IL-1b:

Interleukin-1b

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

LP:

Lamina propria

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1

NCAM:

Neural cell adhesion molecule

NGFR:

Nerve growth factor receptor

NTR:

Neurotrophic receptor

NT-3:

Neurotrophic factor 3

NT-4/5:

Neurotrophic factor-4,5

OB:

Olfactory bulb

Oct-6:

Octamer-binding protein 6

OECs:

Olfactory ensheathing cells

OPCs:

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells

PNS:

Peripheral nerve system

PSA-E-NCAM:

Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

SCIP:

Suppressed cAMP-inducible POU-domain

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor α

trkB:

Tyrosine kinase receptor B

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Sebastian Schmull for critical reading of the manuscripts. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81371411, 81171137, and 81071486).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China

    Hao Yang

  2. Renji Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200217, China

    Hao Yang

  3. Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China

    Bao-Rong He & Ding-Jun Hao

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  1. Hao Yang
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  2. Bao-Rong He
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  3. Ding-Jun Hao
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Correspondence to Hao Yang or Ding-Jun Hao.

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H. Yang and B.-R. He contributed equally to this work.

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Yang, H., He, BR. & Hao, DJ. Biological Roles of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Facilitating Neural Regeneration: A Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 51, 168–179 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-8664-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-8664-2

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