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Alternatively Activated Macrophages in Spinal Cord Injury and Remission: Another Mechanism for Repair?

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Abstract

Tissues within the central nervous system (CNS) have generally been regarded as immunologically privileged. However, in recent decades, it has been shown that immune reactions in the CNS continuously occur via various types of inflammation following autoimmune diseases and mechanical insults such as spinal cord injury (SCI). Among the various inflammatory cells associated with CNS disease, activated macrophages are classically known to induce detrimental consequences that are mediated by the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules. Alternatively activated macrophages have recently been shown to modulate various types of CNS inflammation, including SCI. This review summarizes the potential roles of alternatively activated macrophages in the course of CNS inflammation in rodent SCI models.

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Abbreviations

BBB:

Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CNS:

Central nervous system

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

FIZZ1:

Found in inflammatory zone 1

IFN:

Interferon

IL:

Interleukin

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

MAPC:

Multipotent adult progenitor cells

MMP-9:

Matrix metalloproteinase-9

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NYU:

New York University

PPAR-gamma:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

TGF-beta:

Transforming growth factor-beta

TNF-alpha:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

Ym1:

Chitinase 3-like protein 3

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Acknowledgments

Work within the field of spinal cord injury has grown experimentally over the last several decades. We have particularly focused on the review of phenotypes of macrophages in the pathogenesis of clip compression-induced spinal cord injury in rat models. We apologize in advance to all researchers whose work we could not discuss due to space constraints.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest, personally, professionally, or financially, relating to the publication of this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Republic of Korea

    Taekyun Shin

  2. Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Republic of Korea

    Meejung Ahn

  3. Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea

    Changjong Moon

  4. Department of Veterinary Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea

    Seungjoon Kim

  5. Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Republic of Korea

    Ki-Bum Sim

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  1. Taekyun Shin
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Correspondence to Taekyun Shin.

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Shin, T., Ahn, M., Moon, C. et al. Alternatively Activated Macrophages in Spinal Cord Injury and Remission: Another Mechanism for Repair?. Mol Neurobiol 47, 1011–1019 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-013-8398-6

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