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T cell virological synapses and HIV-1 pathogenesis

  • Immunology at Mount Sinai
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Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is the cause of a modern global pandemic associated with progressive acquired immune deficiency. The infection is characterized by the loss of the primary target of viral infection, the CD4+ T cell. The measurement of plasma viremia in patients can predict the rate of CD4+ cell decline; however, it is not clear whether this cell-free plasma virus represents the engine that drives viral spread. Active viral replication is mainly observed within lymphoid tissues that are hotbeds of cell–cell interactions that initiate and organize immune responses. It is well established that cell–cell interactions enhance viral spread in vitro. Dendritic cell–T cell interactions, which lie at the heart of adaptive immune responses, enhance viral infection in vitro. Interactions between infected and uninfected CD4+ T cells are a dominant route of viral spread in vitro and are likely to play a central role in viral dissemination in vivo. Future studies will test existing paradigms of HIV-1 dissemination to determine whether virus-transmitting contacts between infected and uninfected T cells called virological synapses are the dominant mode of viral spread in vivo. Here, we review the status of our understanding of this mode of infection with a focus on T cell–T cell interactions and examine how it may explain resistance to neutralizing antibodies and or the generation of genetic diversity of HIV.

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  1. Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1630, New York, NY, 10029, USA

    Benjamin K. Chen

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Chen, B.K. T cell virological synapses and HIV-1 pathogenesis. Immunol Res 54, 133–139 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-012-8320-8

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