Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Inadequacies of current approaches to prediabetes and diabetes prevention

  • Viewpoint
  • Published:
Endocrine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In view of the global shift from communicable to chronic, non-communicable diseases including obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the increasing prevalence of the latter creates a considerable challenge to the clinician and public health infrastructure. Despite the substantial research efforts in the last 10–15 years highlighting the considerable benefit of lifestyle modification in thwarting the insidious progression to diabetes and its complications, many individuals will ineluctably progress even when initially responsive. Furthermore, the vast majority of individuals with prediabetes remain undiagnosed and untreated. Therefore, the responsibilities of the medical and public health communities involve identifying new methods for screening and identifying those at risk as well as refining therapeutic approaches availing as many high-risk individuals as possible to novel treatment modalities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Albright, E.W. Gregg, Preventing type 2 diabetes in communities across the U.S. The National Diabetes Prevention Programs. Am. J. Prev. Med. 44(4S4), S346–S351 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. H. Wang, L. Dwyer-Lindgren, K.T. Lofgren, J.K. Rajaratnam, J.R. Marcus, A. Levin-Rector, C.E. Levitz, A.D. Lopez, C.J.L. Murray, Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380(9859), 2071–2094 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. S.H. Woolf, L.Y. Aron, The US health disadvantage relative to other high-income countries. Findings from a National Research Council/Institute of Medicine Report. JAMA 309(8), 771–772 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health (2013), ed by S. H. Woolf, L. Aron. Panel on Understanding Cross-National Health Differences Among High-Income Countries; Committee on Population; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; National Research Council; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Institute of Medicine. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13497&page=1. Accessed 17 July 2013

  5. J.L. Kraschnewski, C.N. Sciamanna, H.L. Stuckey, C.H. Chuang, E.B. Lehman, K.O. Hwang, L.L. Sherwood, H.B. Nembhard, A silent response to the obesity epidemic. Decline in US physician weight counseling. Med. Care 51(2), 186–192 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. J.A. Salomon, H. Wang, M.K. Freeman, T. Vos, A. Flaxman, A.D. Lopez, C.J.L. Murray, Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden disease Study 2010. Lancet 380(9859), 2144–2162 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. S.S. Lim, A.D. Flaxman, G. Danaei, K. Shibuya, H. Adair-Rohani, M. Amann, H.R. Anderson, K.G. Andrews, M. Aryee et al., A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380(9859), 2224–2260 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Healthy People 2020, ODPHP Publication No. B0132 (2010). http://www.hhs.gov/opa/title-x-family-planning/initiatives-and-resources/healthy-people-2020/. Accessed 17 July 2013

  9. R.H. Lustig, L.A. Schmidt, C.D. Brindis, The toxic truth about sugar. Nature 482(2), 27–29 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Basu, P. Yoffe, N. Hills, R.H. Lustig, The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: an econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data. PLoS One 8(2), 1–8 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. I. Aeberli, M. Hochuli, P.A. Gerber, L. Sze, S.B. Murer, G.A.L. Tappy, G.A. Spinas, K. Berneis, Moderate amounts of fructose consumption impair insulin sensitivity in healthy young men. Diabetes Care 36(1), 150–156 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. G.A. Bray, Potential health risks from beverages containing fructose found in sugar or high-fructose corn syrup. Diabetes Care 36(1), 11–12 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. M.J. Goran, S.J. Ulijaszek, E.E. Ventura, High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: a global perspective. Global Public Health 8(1), 55–64 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. M. Moss, How the Food Giants Hooked Us (Random House, New York, 2013)

    Google Scholar 

  15. L.I. Lesser, F.J. Zimmerman, D.A. Cohen, Outdoor advertising, obesity, and soda consumption: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 13(20), 1–7 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  16. J.J. Shelley, Addressing the policy cacophony does not require more evidence: an argument for reframing obesity as caloric consumption. BMC Public Health 12(1), 1–8 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. M.M. Slining, S.W. Ng, B.M. Popkin, Food companies’ calorie-reduction pledges to improve U.S. diet. Am. J. Prev. Ned. 44(22), 174–184 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. D. Yach, Nutritional change is not a simple answer to non-communicable diseases. BMJ (2011). doi:10.1136bmj.d5097

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. K.M. Venkat Narayan, J.B. Echouffo-Tcheugui, V. Mohan, M.K. Ali, Global prevention and a control of type 2 diabetes will require paradigm shifts in policies within and among countries. Health Aff. 31(1), 1–8 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  20. J.B. Echouffo, M.K. Ali, S.J. Griffin, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Screening for type 2 diabetes and dysglycemia. Epidemiol Rev (2011). doi:10.1093/epirev/mxq020

    Google Scholar 

  21. L. Lianov, M. Johnson, Physician competencies for prescribing lifestyle medicine. JAMA 304(2), 202–203 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. L.E. Fisher, R.E. Glasgow, A call for more effectively integrating behavioral and social science principles into comprehensive diabetes care. Editorials. Diabetes Care 30(10), 2746–2749 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Peyrot, R.R. Rubin, Behavioral and psychosocial interventions in diabetes. Diabetes Care 30(10), 2433–2440 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. M.K. Ali, K. McKeever Bullard, J.B. Saaddine, C.C. Cowie, G. Imperatore, E.W. Gregg, Achievement of goals in U.S. diabetes care, 1999–2010. NEJM 368(17), 1613–1624 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. K. Kostev, W. Rathmann, Diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in the UK: a database analysis. Diabetologia 56(1), 109–111 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. P.G. Lee, C.T. Cigolle, J. Ha, L. Min, S.L. Murphy, C.S. Blaum, W.H. Herman, Physical function limitations among middle-aged and older adults with prediabetes. Diabetes Care (2013). doi:10.2337/dc13-0412

    Google Scholar 

  27. C.M. Sanz, J.-B. Ruidavets, V. Bongard, J.-C. Marqie, H. Hanaire, J. Ferrieres, S. Andrieu, Relationship between markers of insulin resistance, markers of adiposity, HbA1c, and cognitive functions in a middle-aged population-based sample: the MONA LISA study. Diabetes Care (2013). doi:10.2337/dc12-1017

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. J.M. Fletcher, M.R. Richards, Diabetes’s ‘Health Shock’ to schooling and earnings: increased dropout rates and lower wages and employment in young adults. Health Aff. 31(1), 27–34 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. J.M. McGinnis, W.H. Foege, The immediate vs the important. JAMA 291(10), 1263–1264 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. K.E. Thorpe, The Affordable Care Act lays the groundwork for a national diabetes prevention and treatment strategy. Health Aff. 31(1), 61–66 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. W.C. Knowler, E. Barrett-Connor, S.E. Fowler, R.F. Hamman, J.M. Lachin, E.A. Walker, D.M. Nathan, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. NEJM 346(6), 393–403 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. J.E. Fradkin, J.A. Wallace, G.P. Rodgers, Biomedical research. Paving a way to diabetes prevention. Am. J. Prev. Med. 44(4S4), S317–S323 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. K.E. Thorpe, The Medicare advantage experience: lessons for reform to original Medicare. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University (2012), http://www.scribd.com/doc/127623922/Statement-of-Kenneth-E-Thorpe-PhD-Hearing-On-Strengthening-Medicare-for-Today-and-the-Future. Accessed 17 July 2013

  34. V.R. Aroda, R. Ratner, Approach to the patient with prediabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93(9), 3259–3265 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. YanFeng Li, L.S. Geiss, N.R. Burrows, D.B. Rolka, A. Albright, Awareness of prediabetes-United States, 2005–2010. MMWR 62(11), 209–212 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  36. D. Vojta, J. De Sa, T. Prospect, S. Stevens, Effective interventions for stemming the growing crisis of diabetes and prediabetes: a national payer’s perspective. Health Aff. 31(1), 20–25 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. C. Villarivera, J. Wolcott, A. Jain, Y. Zhang, C. Goodman, The US Preventive Services Task Force should consider a broader evidence base in updating its diabetes screening guidelines. Health Aff. 31(1), 35–42 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. J. Fradkin, Confronting the urgent challenge of diabetes: an overview. Health Aff. 31(1), 12–19 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. M. Bergman, M. Buysschaert, P.E.H. Schwarz, A. Albright, K.M. Venkat Narayan, D. Yach, Diabetes prevention: global health policy and perspectives from the ground. Diabetes Manag. 2(4), 1–13 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  40. R.M. Cohen, S. Haggerty, W.H. Herman, HbA1c for the diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes: is it time for a mid-course correction? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95(12), 5203–5206 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. W.H. Herman, R.M. Cohen, Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between HbA1c and blood glucose: implications for the diagnosis of diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97(4), 1067–1072 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. S.A. Mostafa, M.J. Davies, B.T. Srinivasan, M.E. Carey, D. Webb, K. Khunti, Should glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) be used to detect people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation? Postgrad. Med. J. 86(10), 656–662 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. D.H. Morris, K. Khunti, F. Achana, B. Srinivasan, L.J. Gray, M.J. Davies, D. Webb, Progression rates from HbA1c 6.0–6.4 % and other prediabetes definitions to type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia 56(4), 1489–1493 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. L. Perreault, S.E. Kahn, C.A. Christophi, W.C. Knowler, R.F. Hamman, The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, Regression from pre-diabetes to normal glucose regulation in the Diabetes Prevention program. Diabetes Care 32(9), 1583–1588 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. R.W. Grant, K.E. O’Brien, J.L. Waxler, J.L. Vassy, L.M. Delahanty, L.G. Bissett, R.C. Green, K.G. Stember, C. Guiducci, E.R. Park, J.C. Florez, J.B. Meigs, Personalized genetic risk counseling to motivate diabetes prevention. Diabetes Care 36(1), 13–19 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. M.-F. Hivert, K.A. Jablonski, L. Perreault, R. Saxena, J.B. McAteer, P.W. Franks, R.F. Hamman, S.E. Kahn, S. Haffner, The DIAGRAM Consortium, J.B. Meigs, D. Altshuler, W.C. Knowler, J.C. Florez, The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, Diabetes 60(4), 1340–1348 (2011)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. J. Lindstrom, M. Peltonen, J.G. Eriksson, P. Ilanne-Parikka, S. Aunola, S. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, M. Uusitupa, J. Tuomilehto, The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS), Improved lifestyle and decreased diabetes risk over 13 years: long-term follow-up of the randomized Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Diabetologia 56(2), 284–293 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. W.C. Knowler, S.E. Fowler, R.F. Hamman, C.A. Christophi, H.J. Hoffman, A.T. Brenneman, J.O. Brown-Friday, R. Goldberg, E. Venditti, D.M. Nathan, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 374(9702), 1677–1686 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. T. Saaristo, L. Moilanen, E. Korpi-Hyövälti, M. Vanhala, J. Saltevo, L. Niskanen, J. Jokelainen, M. Peltonen, H. Oksa, J. Tuomilehto, M. Uusitupa, S. Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Lifestyle intervention for prevention of type 2 diabetes in primary health care: one-year follow-up of the Finnish national Diabetes Prevention Program (FIN-D2D). Diabetes Care 33(10), 2146–2155 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. D.E. Arterburn, A. Bogart, N.E. Sherwood, S. Sidney, K.J. Coelman, S. Haneuse, P.J. O’Connor, M.K. Theis, G.M. Campos, D. McCulloch, J. Selby, A multisite study of long-term remission and relapse of type 2 diabetes mellitus following gastric bypass. Obes. Surg. 23(11), 93–102 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. J.B. Dixon, Lee-Ming Chuang, K. Chong, Shu-Chun chen, G.W. Lambert, N.E. Straznicky, E.A. Lambeert, Wei-Jei Lee, Predicting the glycemic response to gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 36(1), 20–26 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. S. Yoneda, S. Uno, H. Iwahashi, Y. Fujita, A. Yoshikawa, J. Kozawa, K. Okita, D. Takiuchi, H. Eguchi, H. Nagano, A. Imagawa, I. Shimomura, Predominance of β-cell neogenesis rather than replication in humans with an impaired glucose tolerance and newly diagnosed diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98(5), 2053–2061 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. M. Bergman, R. Dankner, J. Roth, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Are current diagnostic guidelines delaying early detection of dysglycemic states? Time for new approaches. Endocrine (2013). doi:10.1007/s12020-013-9873-6

    Google Scholar 

  54. L. Perreault, Q. Pan, K.J. Mather, K.E. Watson, R.F. Hamman, S.E. Kahn, The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, Effect of regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation on long-term reduction in diabetes risk: results from the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 379(9833), 2243–2251 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. R. Dankner, M. Bergman, A. Danoff, S. Qureshi, I. Whitford, N. Kaviani, Y. Dynkevich, J. Roth, The metabolic deterioration that antedates diabetes: personal trajectories of HbA1c and fasting glucose as early indicators and possible triggers for intervention. Diabetes Metab Res Rev Reviews 29(1), 1–7 (2013). doi:10.1002/dmrr.2373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. T. Higgins, HbA1c for screening and diagnosis if diabetes mellitus. Endocrine (2012). doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9768-y

    Google Scholar 

  57. Y. Heianza, Y. Arase, K. Fujihara, H. Tsuji, K. Saito, S.D. Hsieh, S. Kodama, H. Shimano, N. Yamada, S. Hara, H. Sone, Screening for pre-diabetes to predict future diabetes using various cut-off points for HbA1c and impaired fasting glucose. the Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 4 (TOPCS 4). Diabetes Med. 29(9), e279–e285 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03686

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. R. Dankner, J. Roth, A. Danoff, Can ‘personalized diagnostics’ promote earlier intervention for dysglycaemia? Hypothesis ready for testing. Editorial. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 26(1), 7–9 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. W.J. Kim, C.Y. Park, 1,5-Anhydroglucitol in diabetes mellitus. Endocrine (2012). doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9760-6

    Google Scholar 

  60. M. Bergman, Inadequacies of absolute threshold levels for diagnosing prediabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 26(1), 3–6 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. A. Karve, R.A. Hayward, Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance in nondiabetic U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 33(11), 2355–2359 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. E. Selvin, M.W. Steffes, H. Zhu, Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(9), 800–811 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. K.M. Narayan, M.K. Ali, J.P. Koplan, Global noncommunicable diseases-where worlds meet. N. Engl. J. Med. 363(13), 1196–1198 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. L. Siminerio, J.C. Mbanya, Translating diabetes research into global communities. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 93(3), 443–445 (2011)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. J. Segura, L.M. Ruilope, Treatment of pre-hypertension in diabetes and metabolic syndrome: what are the pros? Diabetes Care 32(Suppl 2), S284–S289 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. R. DeFronzo, M. Abdul-Ghani, Assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk in prediabetes: impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Am. J. Cardiol. 108(suppl), 3B–24B (2011)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. L. Niskanen, T. Hedner, L. Hansson, J. Lanke, A. Niklason, for the CAPP Study Group, Diabetes Care 24(12), 2091–2096 (2001)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. E.N. Taylor, F.B. Hu, G.C. Curhan, Antihypertensive medications and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29(5), 1065–1070 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. C. Manrique, M. Johnson, J.R. Sowers, Thiazide diuretics alone or with β-blockers impair glucose metabolism in hypertensive patients with abdominal obesity. Hypertension 55(1), 15–17 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. W.J. Elliott, P.M. Meyer, Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 369(9557), 201–207 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. N. Sattar, D. Preiss, H.M. Murray, P. Welsh, B.M. Buckley, A.J.M. de Craen, S.R.K. Seshasai, J.J. McMurray, D.J. Freeman, J.W. Jukema, P.W. Macfarlane, C.J. Packard, D.J. Stott, R.G. Westendorp, J. Shepherd, B.R. Davis, S.L. Pressel, R. Marchioli, R.M. Marfisi, A.P. Maggioni, L. Tavazzi, G. Tognoni, J. Kjekhus, T.R. Perdersen, T.J. Cook, A.M. Gotto, M.B. Clearfield, J.R. Downs, H. Nakamura, Y. Ohashi, K. Mizuno, I. Ford, Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized statin trials. Lancet 375(9716), 735–742 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. A. Goldfine, Statins: is it really time to reassess benefits and risk? N. Engl. J. Med. 366(19), 1752–1755 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. P.M. Ridker, A. Pradhan, J.G. MacFadyen, P. Libby, R.J. Glynn, Cardiovascular benefits and diabetes risks of statin therapy in primary prevention: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. Lancet 380(9841), 565–571 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. G.T. McMahon, R.G. Dluhy, Diabetes report card—time for a winning streak. N Engl J Med 368(17), 1650–1651 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. M. Stellefson, K. Dipnarine, C. Stopka, The chronic care model and diabetes management in US primary care settings: a systematic review. Prev. Chronic Dis. (2013). doi:10.5888/pcd10.120180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. F.J. Crosson, J. Leu, B.M. Roemer, M.N. Ross, Gaps in residency training should be addressed to better prepare doctors for a twenty-first-century delivery system. Health Aff. 30(11), 2142–2148 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. K.C. Stange, S.H. Woolf, K. Gjeltema, One minute for prevention, the power of leveraging to fulfill the promise of health behavior counseling. Am. J. Prev. Med. 22(4), 320–323 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. J.E. Fielding, S.M. Teutsch, Integrating clinical care and community health. JAMA 302(3), 317–319 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. J.K. Ockene, E.A. Edgerton, S.M. Teutsch, L.N. Marion, T. Miller, J.L. Genevro, C.J. Loveland-Cherry, J.E. Fielding, P.A. Briss, Integrating evidence-based clinical and community strategies to improve health. Am. J. Prev. Med. 32(3), 244–252 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. R.S. Thompson, S.H. Taplin, T.A. McAfee, M.T. Mandelson, A.E. Smith, Primary and secondary prevention services in clinical practice. Twenty years’ experience in development, implementation, and evaluation. JAMA 273(14), 1130–1135 (1995)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. K.M. Venkat Narayan, D.F. Williamson, Prevention of type 2 diabetes: risk status, clinic and community. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 25(2), 154–157 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. S.D. Pruitt, J.E. Epping-Jordan, Preparing the 21st century global healthcare workforce. BMJ 330(7492), 637–639 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. P. Absetz, R. Valve, B. Oldenburg, H. Heinonen, A. Nissinen, M. Fogelheim, V. Ilvesmäki, M. Talja, A. Uutela, Type 2 diabetes prevention in the “real world”. One-year results of the GOAL implementation trial. Diabetes Care 30(10), 2465–2470 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. M.K. Ali, J.B. Echouffo-Tchegui, D.F. Williamson, How effective were lifestyle interventions in real-world settings that were modeled on the diabetes prevention program? Health Aff. 31(1), 67–75 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Grants. gov. Natural Experiments and Effectiveness Studies to Identify the Best Policy and System Level Practices to Prevent Diabetes and Its Complications (U58) [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010), http://www.grants.gov/search/search.do?mode=VIEW&oppId=51980. Accessed 5 Dec 2011

  86. M.C. Seidel, R.O. Powell, J.C. Zgibor, L.M. Siminerio, G.A. Piatt, Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program into an urban medically underserved community. Diabetes Care 31(4), 684–689 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. H. Holman, Chronic disease-the need for a new clinical education. JAMA 292(9), 1057–1059 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, NYU Diabetes and Endocrine Associates, NYU School of Medicine, 530 First Avenue, Schwartz East, Suite 5E, New York, NY, 10016, USA

    Michael Bergman

Authors
  1. Michael Bergman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Bergman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bergman, M. Inadequacies of current approaches to prediabetes and diabetes prevention. Endocrine 44, 623–633 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0017-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0017-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation