Abstract
Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a rare condition of osteolysis with excessive lymphangiogenesis within bone tissue. The etiology of this condition remains unknown but seems to affect mainly children and young adults of both genders all over the world. Unfortunately, there is no standardized method for diagnosis; however, histopathology remains as the gold standard. This condition is often misdiagnosed due to its varying clinical presentations from case-to-case. Here, we report the case of an 8-year-old girl who presented with chronic mandibular pain during mastication and received multiple antibiotic treatment due to infectious origin suspicion. After integrating information from clinical manifestations, radiographic, laboratory, and histopathology information, she was diagnosed with GSD. Additionally, due to the lack of literature with respect to insights into biological mechanisms and standardized treatment for this condition, we underwent a literature revision to provide information related to activation of cells from the immune system, such as macrophages, T-cells, and dendritic cells, and their contribution to the lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, and osteoclastogenic process in GSD. It is important to consider these mechanisms in patients with GSD, especially since new studies performed in earlier stages are required to confirm their use as novel diagnostic tools and find new possibilities for treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ellati R et al (2016) Novel approach of treating Gorham-Stout disease in the humerus—case report and review of literature. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 20(3):426–432
Nikolaou VS et al (2014) Vanishing bone disease (Gorham-Stout syndrome): a review of a rare entity. World J Orthop 5(5):694–698
Evrenos MK et al (2016) Case report: Gorham-Stoute syndrome with involvement of majority of mandible, and partial maxillary, temporal and zygomatic bones. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 15(Suppl 2):335–338
Ruggieri P et al (2011) Gorham-Stout disease: the experience of the Rizzoli Institute and review of the literature. Skelet Radiol 40(11):1391–1397
Gorham LW, Stout AP (1955) Massive osteolysis (acute spontaneous absorption of bone, phantom bone, disappearing bone); its relation to hemangiomatosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 37-A(5):985–1004
Heffez L et al (1983) Perspectives on massive osteolysis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 55(4):331–343
Kokosis G et al (2016) Mandibular reconstruction using the free vascularized fibula graft: an overview of different modifications. Arch Plast Surg 43(1):3–9
Abdulai A-E et al (2014) Vanishing bone (Gorham’s) disease of the mandible: a case report. Sch J Med Case Rep 2(3):183–187
Colucci S et al (2006) Gorham-Stout syndrome: a monocyte-mediated cytokine propelled disease. J Bone Miner Res 21(2):207–218
Canalis E (2010) Update in new anabolic therapies for osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(4):1469–1504
Yuan F (2012) Type 17 T-helper cells might be a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis. Mol Biol Rep 39(1):771–774
Zavala-Cerna, M.G., et al. (2015) Osteoprotegerin polymorphisms in a Mexican population with rheumatoid arthritis and generalized osteoporosis: a preliminary report. J Immunol Res 376197
D’Amico L, R. I. (2012) Cross-talk between T cells and osteoclasts in bone resorption. BoneKEy Reports 1(6)
Song I et al (2009) Regulatory mechanism of NFATc1 in RANKL-induced osteoclast activation. FEBS Lett 583(14):2435–2440
Hirayama T et al (2001) Cellular and humoral mechanisms of osteoclast formation and bone resorption in Gorham-Stout disease. J Pathol 195(5):624–630
Yang X et al (2007) Callus mineralization and maturation are delayed during fracture healing in interleukin-6 knockout mice. Bone 41(6):928–936
Devlin RD, Bone HG 3rd, Roodman GD (1996) Interleukin-6: a potential mediator of the massive osteolysis in patients with Gorham-Stout disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(5):1893–1897
Rifas L, Weitzmann MN (2009) A novel T cell cytokine, secreted osteoclastogenic factor of activated T cells, induces osteoclast formation in a RANKL-independent manner. Arthritis Rheum 60(11):3324–3335
Jin Z, Li X, Wan Y (2015) Minireview: nuclear receptor regulation of osteoclast and bone remodeling. Mol Endocrinol 29(2):172–186
D'Amelio P et al (2011) Bone and bone marrow pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines are up-regulated in osteoporosis fragility fractures. Osteoporos Int 22(11):2869–2877
Pagliari D et al (2015) The role of “bone immunological niche” for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst):434389
Moller G, Priemel M (1999) The Gorham-Stout syndrome (Gorham’s massive osteolysis). A report of six cases with histopathological findings. The Journal of bone and joint surgery British 81(5):1893–1897
Scheller EL, Rosen CJ (2014) Whatʼs the matter with MAT? Marrow adipose tissue, metabolism, and skeletal health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1311:14–30
Bonomo A et al (2016) A T cell view of the bone marrow. Front Immunol 17(7):184
Marsell R, Einhorn TA (2011) The biology of fracture healing. Injury 42(6):551–555
Kon T et al (2001) Expression of osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (osteoprotegerin ligand) and related proinflammatory cytokines during fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res 16(6):1004–1014
Wiemer AJ et al (2011) A live imaging cell motility screen identifies prostaglandin E2 as a T cell stop signal antagonist. J Immunol 187(7):3663–3670
Lee SK, Lorenzo J (2006) Cytokines regulating osteoclast formation and function. Curr Opin Rheumatol 18(4):411–418
Franchi A et al (2009) CD105/endoglin expression in Gorham disease of bone. J Clin Pathol 62(2):163–167
Pettit AR et al (2008) Osteal macrophages: a new twist on coupling during bone dynamics. Bone 43(6):976–982
Jones GB, Midgley RL, Smith GS (1958) Massive osteolysis: disappearing bones. J Bone Joint Surg Br 40B(3):494–501
Ray S et al (2012) Vanishing bone disease (Gorhamʼs disease)—a rare occurrence of unknown etiology. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 55(3):399–401
Fujiu K et al (2002) Chylothorax associated with massive osteolysis (Gorhamʼs syndrome). Ann Thorac Surg 73(6):1956–1957
Bickel WH, Brodere AC (1947) Primary lymphangioma of the ilium; report of a case. J Bone Joint Surg Am 29(2):517–522
Banerji S et al (1999) LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan. J Cell Biol 144(4):789–801
Edwards JR et al (2008) Lymphatics and bone. Hum Pathol 39(1):49–55
Situma M et al An aggressive lymphatic malformation (Gorhamʼs disease) leading to death of a child. J Pediatr Surg 48(1):239–242
Hagendoorn J et al (2006) Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta in Gorhamʼs disease. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 3(12):693–697
Tammela T, Alitalo K (2010) Lymphangiogenesis: molecular mechanisms and future promise. Cell 140(4):460–476
Huber S et al (2007) Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin impedes lymphangiogenesis. Kidney Int 71(8):771–777
Kärpänen T et al (2006) Functional interaction of VEGF-C and VEGF-D with neuropilin receptors. FASEB J 20(9):1462–1472
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Funding
There is no funding source.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from the patient and her legal representative.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Franco-Barrera, M.J., Zavala-Cerna, M.G., Aguilar-Portillo, G. et al. Gorham-Stout Disease: a Clinical Case Report and Immunological Mechanisms in Bone Erosion. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 52, 125–132 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-016-8594-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-016-8594-z