Abstract
Cancer remains one of the major health problems worldwide and is responsible for one in eight deaths. The worldwide research against cancer as well as genome wide association studies was successful in indentifying the loci associated with cancer but still a substantial amount of casualty remains unexplained. The reason being the cancer cell rapidly develops resistance against the chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agent in use. Over the last decade, the thorough understanding of molecular and biochemical mechanisms of the carcinogenesis process lead to the rationale of combining anti-cancer agents (therapeutic as well as chemopreventive) to target multiple pathways. Scientists, the world over trying various combinations of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, chemopreventive agents, nanoparticles, etc., in order to specifically as well as efficiently target cancer cells. The present review article summarizes the recent advances in the combination approach against cancer in order to enhance efficacy of treatment with minimal side effects.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Davis, M. E., Chen, Z. G., & Shin, D. M. (2008). Nanoparticle therapeutics: An emerging treatment modality for cancer. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 7(9), 771–782.
Lehar, J., Krueger, A. S., & Avery, W. (2009). Synergistic drug combinations tend to improve therapeutically relevant selectivity. Nature Biotechnology, 27(7), 659–666.
Lippman, S. M., Benner, S. E., & Hong, W. K. (1994). Cancer chemoprevention. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 12, 851–873.
Donaldson, M. S. (2004). Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. Nutrition Journal, 2004(3), 19.
DeVita, V. (1997). Principles of cancer management: Chemotherapy. In V. DeVita, S. Hellman, & S. Rosenberg (Eds.), Cancer: Principles & practice of oncology (pp. 333–347). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
Malhotra, A., Nair, P., & Dhawan, D. K. (2014). Study to evaluate molecular mechanics behind synergistic chemo-preventive effects of curcumin and resveratrol during lung carcinogenesis. PLoS One, 9(4), e93820.
Malhotra, A., Nair, P., & Dhawan, D. K. (2011). Curcumin and resveratrol synergistically stimulate p21 and regulate cox 2 by maintaining adequate zinc levels during lung carcinogenesis. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 20(5), 411–416.
Malhotra, A., Nair, P., & Dhawan, D. K. (2012). Curcumin and resveratrol in combination modulates benzo[a]pyrene induced genotoxicity during lung carcinogenesis. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 31(12), 1199–1206.
Malhotra, A., Nair, P., & Dhawan, D. K. (2012). Premature mitochondrial senescence and related ultrastructural changes during lung carcinogenesis modulation by curcumin and resveratrol. Ultra Structural Pathology, 36(3), 179–184.
Brenner, D. E. (2000). Multiagent chemopreventive agent combinations. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Supplement, 34, 121–124.
Adom, K. K., & Liu, R. H. (2002). Antioxidant activity of grains. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 50, 6182–6187.
Chu, Y. F., Sun, J., Wu, X., & Liu, R. H. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of vegetables. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 50, 6910–6916.
Sun, J., Chu, Y. F., Wu, X., & Liu, R. H. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of fruits. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 50, 7449–7454.
Kowalczyk, M. C., Kowalczyk, P., Tolstykh, O., & Slaga, T. J. (2010). Synergistic effects of combined phytochemicals and skin cancer prevention in SENCAR mice. Cancer Prevention Research, 3(2), 170–178.
Cunningham, D., Allum, W. H., & Stenning, S. P. (2006). Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 355(1), 11–20.
Ychou, M., Boige, V., & Pignon, J. P. (2011). Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: An FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29(13), 1715–1721.
Thuss-Patience, P. C., Hofheinz, R. D., & Arnold, D. (2010). Perioperative chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and capecitabine (DCX) in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: A phase II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Annals of Oncology, 23(11), 2827–2834.
Ferri, L. E., Ades, S., & Alcindor, T. (2010). Perioperative docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-FU (DCF) for locally advanced esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma: A multicenter phase II trial. Annals of Oncology, 23(6), 1512–1517.
Zhang, X., Shen, L., Li, J., Li, Y., Li, J., & Jin, M. (2008). A phase II trial of paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31(1), 29–33.
Lordick, F., Luber, B., & Lorenzen, S. (2010). Cetuximab plus oxaliplatin/leucovorin/5-FU in first-line metastatic gastric cancer: A phase II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Brazilian Journal of Cancer, 102(3), 500–505.
Jagetia, G. C. (2007). Radioprotection and radiosensitization by curcumin. Advance Experimental Medicine Biology, 595, 301–320.
Yallapu, M. M., Maher, D. M., Sundram, V., Bell, M. C., Jaggi, M., & Chauhan, S. C. (2010). Curcumin induces chemo/radio-sensitization in ovarian cancer cells and curcumin nanoparticles inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth. Journal of Ovarian Research, 29, 3–11.
Lin, X., Zhang, F., Bradbury, C. M., Kaushal, A., Li, L., Spitz, D. R., et al. (2003). 2-Deoxy-d-glucose-induced cytotoxicity and radiosensitization in tumor cells is mediated via disruptions in thiol metabolism. Cancer Research, 63(12), 3413–3417.
Rashid, A., Liu, C., Sanli, T., Tsiani, E., Singh, G., Bristow, R. G., et al. (2011). Resveratrol enhances prostate cancer cell response to ionizing radiation. Modulation of the AMPK, Akt and mTOR pathways. Radiation Oncology, 26, 6–144.
Raffoul, J. J., Sarkar, F. H., & Hillman, G. G. (2007). Radiosensitization of prostate cancer by soy isoflavones. Current Cancer Drug Targets, 7(8), 759–765.
Leichman, L. P., Goldman, B. H., & Bohanes, P. O. (2011). S0356: A phase II clinical and prospective molecular trial with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and external-beam radiation therapy before surgery for patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29(34), 4555–4560.
Howes, R. M. (2009). Dangers of antioxidants in cancer patients: A review. Philica. Article ID 153.
Constantinou, C., Papas, A., & Constantinou, A. I. (2008). Vitamin E and cancer: An insight into the anticancer activities of vitamin E isomers and analogs. International Journal of Cancer, 123(4), 739–752.
Ahles, T. A., & Saykin, A. J. (2007). Candidate mechanisms for chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes. Nature Reviews Cancer, 7(3), 192–201.
Loprinzi, C. L., Barton, D. L., & Jatoi, A. (2007). Symptom control trials: A 20-year experience. Journal of Supportive Oncology, 5(3), 119–128.
Nicolson, G. L. (2005). Lipid replacement/antioxidant therapy as an adjunct supplement to reduce the adverse effects of cancer therapy and restore mitochondrial function. Pathology and Oncology Research, 11(3), 139–144.
Osiecki, H. (2002). Cancer: A nutritional, biochemical approach. Eagle Farm, QLD: Bioconcepts Publishing.
Johnstone, R. W., Ruefli, A. A., & Lowe, S. W. (2002). Apoptosis: A link between cancer genetics and chemotherapy. Cell, 108(2), 153–164.
Sagar, S. M., Yance, D., & Wong, R. K. (2006). Natural health product that inhibit angiogenesis: A potential source for investigational new agents to treat cancer—Part 2. Current Oncology, 13(3), 99–107.
Bansal, T., Jaggi, M., Khar, R. K., & Talegaonkar, S. (2009). Emerging significance of flavonoids as P-glycoprotein inhibitors in cancer chemotherapy. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12(1), 46–78.
Watjen, W., Michels, G., & Steffan, B. (2005). Low concentrations of flavonoids are protective in rat H4IIE cells whereas high concentrations cause DNA damage and apoptosis. Journal of Nutrition, 135(3), 525–531.
Lamson, D. W., & Brignall, M. S. (2000). Antioxidants and cancer III: Quercetin. Alternative Medicine Review, 5(3), 196–208.
Lamson, D. W., & Brignall, M. S. (1999). Antioxidants in cancer therapy; their actions and interactions with oncologic therapies. Alternative Medicine Review, 4(5), 304–329.
Davis, S. D. (2007). Nutritional interactions: Credentialing of molecular targets for cancer prevention. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 232(2), 176–183.
Zhang, L., Gu, F. X., Chan, J. M., Wang, A. Z., Langer, R. S., & Farokhzad, O. C. (2008). Nanoparticles in medicine: Therapeutic applications and developments. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy, 83(5), 761–769.
Northfelt, D. W., Dezube, B. J., & Thommes, J. A. (1998). PEGylated-liposomal doxorubicin versus doxorubicin, bleomycin and vincristine in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: Results of a randomized phase III clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16(7), 2445–2451.
Harries, M., Ellis, P., & Harper, P. (2005). Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel for metastatic breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(31), 7768–7771.
Greco, F., & Vicent, M. J. (2009). Combination therapy: Opportunities and challenges for polymer–drug conjugates as anticancer nanomedicines. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 61(13), 1203–1213.
Agrawal, V., Paul, M. K., & Mukhopadhyay, A. K. (2005). 6-Mercaptopurine and daunorubicin double drug liposomes-preparation, drug–drug interaction and characterization. Journal of Liposome Research, 15(3–4), 141–155.
Saad, M., Garbuzenko, O. B., & Minko, T. (2008). Co-delivery of siRNA and an anticancer drug for treatment of multidrug-resistant cancer. Nanomedicine, 3(6), 761–776.
Bazile, D., Prud’homme, C., Bassoullet, M. T., Marlard, M., Spenlehauer, G., & Veillard, M. (1995). Stealth Me.PEG–PLA nanoparticles avoid uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 84(4), 493–498.
Tekade, R. K., Dutta, T., Gajbhiye, V., & Jain, N. K. (2009). Exploring dendrimer towards dual drug delivery: pH responsive simultaneous drug-release kinetics. Journal of Microencapsulation, 26(4), 287–296.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, L., Malhotra, A. Combination Approach: the Future of the War Against Cancer. Cell Biochem Biophys 72, 637–641 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-015-0549-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-015-0549-0