Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular Insight in Gastric Cancer Induction: An Overview of Cancer Stemness Genes

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gastric cancer is one of the most outgoing human cancers in the world. Two main functional types were described: Intestinal adenocarcinoma and diffuse one. The most important purpose of this review is to analyze and investigate the main genetic factors involved in tumorogenesis of stomach and the molecular mechanism of their expression regulation alongside with the importance of cancer stem cells and their relationship with gastric cancer. It is evident that proper diagnosis of molecular case of cancer may lead to absolute treatment and at least reduction in the disease severity. However, stemness factors such as Sox2, Oct3/4, and Nanog were related with induced pluripotent stem cells, proposing a correlation between these stemness factors and cancer stem cells. Moreover, aberrant induction by Helicobacter pylori of the intestinal-specific homeobox transcription factors, CDX1 and CDX2, also plays an important role in this modification. There are some genes which are directly activated by CDX1 in gastric cancer and distinguished stemness-related reprogramming factors like SALL4 and KLF5. Correspondingly, we also aimed to present the main important epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin modeling of stemness genes in disease development. Remarkably, a better understanding of molecular bases of cancer may lead to novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive approaches by some genetic and epigenetic changes such as gene amplifications, gene silencing by DNA methylation, losses of imprinting, LOH, and mutations. Consequently, genome-wide searches of gene expression are widely important for surveying the proper mechanisms of cancer emergence and development. Conspicuously, this review explains an outline of the molecular mechanism and new approaches in gastric cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Vaccaro, B. J., Gonzalez, S., Poneros, J. M., Stevens, P. D., Capiak, K. M., Lightdale, C. J., et al. (2011). Detection of intestinal metaplasia after successful eradication of Barrett’s Esophagus with radiofrequency ablation. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 56(7), 1996–2000.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cunningham, S. C., Kamangar, F., Kim, M. P., Hammoud, S., Haque, R., Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A., et al. (2006). Claudin-4, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4, and stratifin are markers of gastric adenocarcinoma precursor lesions. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 15, 281–287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Yoshikawa, A., Inada, K. I., Yamachika, T., Shimizu, N., Kaminishi, M., & Tatematsu, M. (1998). Phenotypic shift in human differentiated gastric cancers from gastric to intestinal epithelial cell type during disease progression. Gastric Cancer, 1, 134–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Almeida, R., Silva, E., Santos-Silva, F., Silberg, D. G., Wang, J., De Bolos, C., et al. (2003). Expression of intestine-specific transcription factor, CDX1 and CDX2, in intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinomas. The Journal of Pathology, 199, 36–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Tsukamoto, T., Mizoshita, T., Mihara, M., Tanaka, H., Takenaka, Y., Yamamura, Y., et al. (2005). Sox2 expression in human stomach adenocarcinomas with gastric and gastric-and-intestinal-mixed phenotypes. Histopathology, 46, 649–658.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Meireles, S. I., Cristo, E. B., Carvalho, A. F., Hirata, R, Jr, Pelosof, A., Gomes, L. I., et al. (2004). Molecular classifiers for gastric cancer and nonmalignant diseases of the gastric mucosa. Cancer Research, 64, 1255–1265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Crawford, J. (1994). The gastrointestinal tract. In S. L. C. R. Robbins, V. Kumar, & F. J. Schoen (Eds.), Pathologic basis of disease (pp. 755–783). Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Schwartz, G. (1996). Invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer: In vitro and in vivo models with clinical considerations. Seminars in Oncology, 23, 316–324.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Green, D., Ponce de Leon, S., Leon-Rodriguez, E., et al. (2002). Adenocarcinoma of the stomach: univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with survival. American Journal of Oncology, 25, 84–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Gore, R. (1997). Gastrointestinal cancer. Radiologic Clinics of North America, 35, 295–310.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Karpeh, M., & Brennan, M. (1998). Gastric carcinoma. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 5, 650–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hundahl, S. A., Phillips, J. L., & Menck, H. R. (2000). The National Cancer Data Base Report on poor survival of US gastric carcinoma patients treated with gastrectomy: Fifth edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging, proximal disease, and the ‘different disease’ hypothesis. Cancer, 88, 921–932.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Milne, A. N., Carneiro, F., O’Morain, C., & Offerhaus, G. J. (2009). Nature meets nurture: Molecular genetics of gastric cancer. Human Genetics, 126, 615–628.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sugimoto, M., Furuta, T., Shirai, N., Nakamura, A., Kajimura, M., et al. (2007). Effects of interleukin-10 gene polymorphism on the development of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer in Japanese subjects. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 22, 1443–1449.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Moy, K. A., Fan, Y., Wang, R., Gao, Y. T., Yu, M. C., et al. (2010). Alcohol and tobacco use in relation to gastric cancer: A prospective study of men in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 19, 2287–2297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Griffiths, E. A., Pritchard, S. A., Valentine, H. R., Whitchelo, N., Bishop, P. W., Ebert, M. P., et al. (2007). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression in the gastric carcinogenesis sequence and its prognostic role in gastric and gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinomas. British Journal of Cancer, 96, 95–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gendron, F. P., Mongrain, S., Laprise, P., McMahon, S., Dubois, C. M., Blais, M., et al. (2006). The CDX2 transcription factor regulates furin expression during intestinal epithelial cell differentiation. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 290, G310–G318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Guo, R. J., Suh, E. R., & Lynch, J. P. (2004). The role of Cdx proteins in intestinal development and cancer. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 3, 593–601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Silberg, D. G., Sullivan, J., Kang, E., Swain, G. P., Moffett, J., Sund, N. J., et al. (2002). Cdx2 ectopic expression induces gastric intestinal metaplasia in transgenic mice. Gastroenterology, 122, 689–696.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mesquita, P., Jonckheere, N., Almeida, R., Ducourouble, M. P., Serpa, J., Silva, E., et al. (2003). Human MUC2 mucin gene is transcriptionally regulated by Cdx homeodomain proteins in gastrointestinal carcinoma cell lines. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 51549–51556.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Tamura, G. (2006). Alterations of tumor suppressor and tumor-related genes in the development and progression of gastric cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 12, 192–198.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Akhavan Niaki, H., & Samadani, A. A. (2013). DNA methylation and cancer development: Molecular mechanism. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. doi:10.1007/s12013-013-9555-2.

  23. Sugai, T., Habano, W., Uesugi, N., Jao, Y. F., Nakamura, S., Abe, K., et al. (2004). Three independent genetic profiles based on mucin expression in early differentiated-type gastric cancer—A new concept of genetic carcinogenesis of early differentiated-type adenocarcinomas. Modern Pathology, 17, 1223–1234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Teixeira, A., David, L., Reis, C. A., Costa, J., & Sobrinho-Simoes, M. (2002). Expression of mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6) and type 1 lewis antigens in cases with and without Helicobacter pylori colonization in metaplastic glands of the human stomach. The Journal of Pathology, 197, 37–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Babu, S. D., Jayanthi, V., Devaraj, N., Reis, C. A., & Devaraj, H. (2006). Expression profile of mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6) in Helicobacter pylori infected pre-neoplastic and neoplastic human gastric epithelium. Mol Cancer, 5, 10.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Johanson, A. H., Frierson, H. F., Zaika, A., Powell, S. M., Roche, J., Crowe, S., et al. (2005). Expression of tight-junction protein claudin-7 is an early event in gastric tumorigenesis. American Journal of Pathology, 167, 577–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Brenner, H., Arndt, V., Bode, G., Stegmaier, C., Ziegler, H., et al. (2002). Risk of gastric cancer among smokers infected with Helicobacter pylori. International Journal of Cancer, 98, 446–449.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hatakeyama, M. (2004). Oncogenic mechanisms of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Nature Reviews Cancer, 4, 688–694.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tsutsumi, R., Takahashi, A., Azuma, T., Higashi, H., & Hatakeyama, M. (2006). Focal adhesion kinase is a substrate and downstream effector of SHP-1 complexed with Helicobacter pylori CagA. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 26, 261–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Aung, P. P., Oue, N., Mitani, Y., Nakayama, H., Koshida, K., Noguchi, T., et al. (2006). Systematic search for gastric cancer-specific genes based on SAGE date: Melanoma inhibitory activity and matrix metalloproteinase-10 are novel prognostic factors in patients with gastric cancer. Oncogene, 25, 2546–2557.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Oue, N., Mitani, Y., Aung, P. P., Sakakura, C., Takeshima, Y., Kaneko, M., et al. (2005). Expression and localization of Reg IV in human neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues: Reg IV expression is associated with intestinal and neuroendocrine differentiation in gastric adenocarcinoma. The Journal of Pathology, 207, 185–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Almeida, R., Almeida, J., Shoshkes, M., Mendes, N., Mesquita, P., Silva, E., et al. (2005). OCT- I is over-expression in intestinal metaplasia and intestinal gastric carcinomas and binds to, but does not transactivate, CDX2 in gastric cells. The Journal of Pathology, 207, 396–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Norbury, C., & Nurse, D. (1992). Animal cell cycles and their control. Review of Biochemistry, 61, 441–470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Marx, J. (1994). How cells cycle toward cancer. Science (WashingtonDC), 263, 321–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Elledge, S. J., & Harper, J. W. (1996). A question of balance: The role of cyclin-kinase inhibitors in development and tumorigenesis. Trends in Cell Biology, 6, 388–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hall, M., Bates, S., & Peter, G. (1995). Evidence for different mode of action of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: p15 and p16 bind to kinase, p21 and p27 bind to cyclins. Oncogene, 11, 1581–1588.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Chen, J., Kornbluth, P. S., Dynlacht, B. D., & Dutta, A. (1996). Cyclin-binding motifs are essential for the function of p21CIP1. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 16, 4673–4682.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Matsuoka, S., Edwards, M. C., Parker, S., Zhang, P., Baldini, A., Harper, J. W., et al. (1995). p57KIP2, a structurally distinct member of the p21CIP1 Cdk inhibitor family, is a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Genes & Development, 9, 650–662.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Polyak, K., Lee, M.-H., Erdjument-Bromage, Koff, A., Roberts, J. M., Tempst, P., et al. (1994). Cloning of p27Kip1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and potential mediator of extracellular antimitogenic signals. Cell, 78, 59–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Michieli, P., Chedid, M., Lin, D., Pierce, J. H., Mercer, W. E., & Givol, D. (1994). Induction of WAFI/CIPI by a p53-independent pathway. Cancer Research, 54, 3391–3395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Margarita, S. B., Ana, I. S., Juan, C. M., Mateo, M. S., Lydia, S. V., Raquel, V., et al. (1997). Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27KIP1 in lymphoid tissue; P27 expression is inversely proportional to the proliferative index. American Journal of Pathology, 151, 151–159.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Silva, E., Teixeira, A., David, L., Carneiro, F., Reis, C. A., Sobrinho-Simoes, J., et al. (2002). Mucins as key molecules for the classification of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach. Virchows Archiv, 440, 311–317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Archer, S. Y., & Hodin, R. A. (1999). Histone acetylation and cancer. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 9, 171–174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Issa, J.-P. J., Ottaviano, Y. L., Celano, P., Hamilton, S. R., Davidson, N. E., & Baylin, S. B. (1994). Methylation of estrogen receptor CpG Island links aging and neoplasia in human colon. Nature Genetics, 7, 536–540.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hamilton, S. R., & Aaltonen, L. A. (Eds.). (2000). Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press.

  46. Jones, P. A., & Taylor, S. M. (1980). Cellular differentiation. Cytidine analogs, and DNA methylation. Cell, 20, 85–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Weinstein, I. B. (2000). Disorders in cell circuitry during multistage carcinogenesis: The role of homeostasis. Carcinogenesis, 21(5), 857–864.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Greenman, C., et al. (2007). Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes. Nature, 446(7132), 153–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Vogelstein, B., & Kinzler, K. W. (2004). Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nature Medicine, 10(8), 789–799.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Diehl, K. M., Keller, E. T., & Ignatoski, K. M. (2007). Why should we still care about oncogenes? Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 6(2), 418–427.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Croce, C. M. (2008). Oncogenes and cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(5), 502–511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Schubbert, S., Shannon, K., & Bollag, G. (2007). Hyperactive Ras in developmental disorders and cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer, 7(4), 295–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Forbes, S. A., Bhamra, G., Bamford, S., Dawson, E., Kok, C., Clements, J., et al. (2008). The catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer (COSMIC). Current Protocols in Human Genetic, Chapter 10, Unit 10–11. doi:10.1002/0471142905.hg1011s57.

  54. Kraft, P., Yen, Y. C., Stram, D. O., Morrison, J., & Gauderman, W. J. (2007). Exploiting gene–environment interaction to detect genetic associations. Human Heredity, 63, 111–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jimeno, A., & Hidalgo, M. (2006). Molecular biomarkers: Their increasing role in the diagnosis, characterization, and therapy guidance in pancreatic cancer. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 5(4), 787–796.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Haug, U., Wente, M. N., Seiler, C. M., Jesenofsky, R., & Brenner, H. (2011). Stool testing for the early detection of pancreatic cancer: Rationale and current evidence. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 8(6), 753–759.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kim, C. G., Choi, I. J., Lee, J. Y., Cho, S. J., Nam, B. H., et al. (2009). Biopsy site for detecting Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastric cancer. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 24, 469–474.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. van Krieken, J. H., et al. (2008). KRAS mutation testing for predicting response to anti-EGFR therapy for colorectal carcinoma: Proposal for an European quality assurance program. Virchows Archiv, 453(5), 417–431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Edkins, S., et al. (2006). Recurrent KRAS codon 146 mutations in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 5(8), 928–932.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Brenner, H., Arndt, V., Bode, G., Stegmaier, C., Ziegler, H., et al. (2002). Risk of gastric cancer among smokers infected with Helicobacter pylori. International Journal of Cancer, 98, 446–449.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Shimoyama, T., Everett, S. M., Fukuda, S., Axon, A. T., Dixon, M. F., & Crabtree, J. E. (2001). Influence of smoking and alcohol on gastric chemokine mRNA expression in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 54(4), 332–334.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Zambon, C. F., Basso, D., Navaglia, F., Belluco, C., Falda, A., et al. (2005). Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines gene polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection: Interactions influence outcome. Cytokine, 29, 141–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ince, W. L., et al. (2005). Association of k-ras, and p53 status with the treatment effect of bevacizumab. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97(13), 981–989.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Wang, C., et al. (2003). Prognostic significance microsatellite instability and Ki-ras mutation type in stage II colorectal cancer. Oncology, 64(3), 259–265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ogino, S., et al. (2009). CpG island methylator phenotype, microsatellite instability, BRAF mutation and clinical outcome in colon cancer. Gut, 58(1), 90–96.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Garcia-Gonzalez, M. A., Lanas, A., Quintero, E., Nicolas, D., Parra-Blanco, A., et al. (2007). Gastric cancer susceptibility is not linked to pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms in whites: A Nationwide Multicenter Study in Spain. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 102, 1878–1892.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Filipowicz, W., Bhattacharyya, S. N., & Sonenberg, N. (2008). Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: Are the answers in sight? Nature Reviews Genetics, 9, 102–114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Papagiannakopoulos, T., & Kosik, K. S. (2008). MicroRNAs: Regulators of oncogenesis and stemness. BMC Med, 6, 15.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Wijnhoven, B. P., Michael, M. Z., & Watson, D. I. (2007). MicroRNAs and cancer. British Journal of Surgery, 94, 23–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bartel, D. P. (2004). MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell, 116, 281–297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang, B., Pan, X., Cobb, G. P., & Anderson, T. A. (2007). MicroRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Developmental Biology, 302, 1–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. He, L., & Hannon, G. J. (2004). MicroRNAs: Small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nature Reviews Genetics, 5, 522–531.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Allegra, E., & Trapasso, S. (2012). Cancer stem cells in head and neck cancer. Onco targets and therapy, 5, 375–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Prince, M. E., Sivanandan, R., Kaczorowski, A., et al. (2007). Identification of a subpopulation of with cancer stem cell properties in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 973–978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Scadden, D. T. (2006). The stem-cell niche as an entity of action. Nature, 441, 1075–1079.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Li, L., & Xie, T. (2005). Stem cell niche: Structure and function. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 21, 605–631.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Scadden, D. T. (2006). The stem-cell niche as an entity of action. Nature, 441, 1075–1079.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Yapeng, Hu, & Liwu, Fu. (2012). Targeting cancer stem cells. American Journal of Cancer Research, 2(3), 340–356.

    Google Scholar 

  79. La porta, C. A. M. (2012). Thoughts about cancer Stem cells in solid tumors. World Journal of Stem Cells, 4(3), 17–20.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hellsten, R., Johansson, M., Dahlman, A., Sterner, O., & Biartell, A. (2011). Galiellalactone inhibits stem cell-like ALDH- positive prostate cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 6, e22118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Dou, J., Jiang, C. L., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Zhao, F. S., Hu, W. H., et al. (2011). Using ABCG2-molecule-expressing side population cells to identify cancer stem-like cells in a human ovarian cell line. Cell Biology International, 35(3), 227–234.

    Google Scholar 

  82. He, J., Liu, Y., Zhu, T., Zhu, J., Dimeco, F., Vescovi, A. L., et al. (2012). CD90 is identified as a marker for cancer stem cells in primary high-grade gliomas using tissue microarrays. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, 11(6), M111.010744.

  83. Kumar, S. M., Liu, S., Lu, H., Zhang, H., Zhang, P. J., Gimotty, P. A., et al. (2012). Acquired cancer stem cell phenotypes through Oct4-mediated dedifferentiation. Oncogene, 31(47), 4898–4911.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Balber, A. E. (2011). Concise review: Aldehyde dehydrogenase bright stem and progenitor cell populations from normal tissues; characteristics, activities, and emerging uses in regenerative medicine. Stem Cells, 29, 570–575.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Chen, S. Y., Huang, Y. C., Liu, S. P., Tsai, F. J., Shyu, W. C., & Lin, S. Z. (2011). An overview of concepts for cancer stem cells. Cell Transplantation, 20, 113–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Han, M. E., & Oh, S. O. (2013). Gastric stem cells and gastric cancer stem cells. Anatomy & Cell Biology, 46(1), 8–18.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

    Haleh Akhavan-Niaki & Ali Akbar Samadani

Authors
  1. Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ali Akbar Samadani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Akbar Samadani.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Akhavan-Niaki, H., Samadani, A.A. Molecular Insight in Gastric Cancer Induction: An Overview of Cancer Stemness Genes. Cell Biochem Biophys 68, 463–473 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-013-9749-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-013-9749-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation