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Association of Hypertension, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference with Fluoride Intake; Water Drinking in Residents of Fluoride Endemic Areas, Iran

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Abstract

Hypertension is becoming a global epidemic for both rural and urban populations; it is a major public health challenge in Iran. Fluoride can be a risk factor for hypertension. Cross-sectional analysis was conducted in two study areas to assess the relation of fluoride with blood pressure prevalence, BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) among different age groups in both sexes. The mean value of fluoride concentration in the drinking water from the four study villages varied from 0.68 to 10.30 mg/L. The overall prevalence of HTN and prehypertension in all subjects was 40.7%. The prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension, isolated diastolic hypertension, systolic-diastolic hypertension, and prehypertension in the total sample population was 1.15, 0.28, 9.53, and 29.76%, respectively. The odd ratio of hypertension in residents who drank water with high fluoride levels was higher than that in residents who drank water with lower level of fluoride (OR 2.3, 1.03–5.14). Logistic regression results showed that age (P < 0.001), sex (P = 0.018), BMI (P = 0.015), and the fluoride level in drinking water (P = 0.041) had a significant relationship with increased blood pressure. There were no statistically significant correlations between fluoride and BMI, hip circumference, and waist to hip ratio (WHR). The findings of this study are important for health care personnel and policymakers.

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Abbreviations

ISH:

Isolated systolic hypertension

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

IDH:

Isolated diastolic hypertension

WHR:

waist-to-hip ratio

SDH:

Systolic-diastolic hypertension

MAP:

Mean Arterial Pressure

HTN:

Hypertension

TDS:

Total dissolved solids

F:

Fluoride

TH:

Total hardness

ALK:

Alkalinity

BMI:

Body mass index

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgements

The authors want to thank the authorities of Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences and Poldasht Health Centre Department for their comprehensive support for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Students Research Committee, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran

    Mahmood Yousefi

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran

    Mahmood Yousefi, Ramin Nabizadeh & Amir Hossein Mahvi

  3. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical, Tehran, Iran

    Mehdi Yaseri

  4. Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ramin Nabizadeh

  5. Neyshabur University of Medical Science, Neyshabur, Iran

    Elham Hooshmand

  6. Department of Epidemiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Mohsen Jalilzadeh

  7. Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Amir Hossein Mahvi

  8. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran

    Ali Akbar Mohammadi

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  1. Mahmood Yousefi
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Correspondence to Ali Akbar Mohammadi.

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Yousefi, M., Yaseri, M., Nabizadeh, R. et al. Association of Hypertension, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference with Fluoride Intake; Water Drinking in Residents of Fluoride Endemic Areas, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 185, 282–288 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1269-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1269-2

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