Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Supplementing Organic Forms of Zinc, Selenium and Chromium on Performance, Anti-Oxidant and Immune Responses in Broiler Chicken Reared in Tropical Summer

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of supplementing organic forms of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and chromium (Cr) on performance, anti-oxidant activities and immune responses in broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age, which were reared in cyclic heat-stressed condition under tropical summer in open-sided poultry house. A total of 200 (experiment I) and 450-day-old (experiment II) broiler male chicks (Cobb 400) were randomly distributed in stainless steel battery brooders (610 mm × 762 mm × 475 mm) at the rate of five birds per pen. A maize-soybean meal-based control diet (CD) containing recommended (Vencobb 400, Broiler Management Guide) concentrations of inorganic trace minerals and other nutrients was prepared. The CD was supplemented individually with organic form of selenium (Se, 0.30 mg/kg), chromium (Cr, 2 mg/kg) and zinc (Zn, 40 mg/kg) in experiment I. In experiment II, two concentrations of each Zn (20 and 40 mg/kg), Se (0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg) and Cr (1 and 2 mg/kg) were supplemented to the basal diet in 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. A group without supplementing inorganic trace minerals was maintained as control group in both experiments. Each diet was allotted randomly to ten replicates in both experiments and fed ad libitum from 1 to 21 days of age. At 19th day of age, blood samples were collected for estimation of anti-oxidant and immune responses. Supplementation of Se, Cr and Zn increased (P < 0.05) body mass gain (BMG) and feed intake compared to those fed the CD in experiment I. The feed efficiency (FE) in Cr-fed group was higher (P < 0.05) compared to the CD-fed group. Se or Cr supplementation reduced lipid peroxidation (LP) compared to broilers fed the CD. In experiment II, BMG was not affected (P > 0.05) by the interaction between levels of Zn, Se and Cr in broiler diet. The FE improved (P < 0.05) with supplementation of the trace minerals tested at both concentrations except in group fed 40 mg Zn, 0.5 mg Se and 1 mg Cr/kg. Reduction in lipid peroxidation (LP, P < 0.05) and increased (P < 0.05) activity of superoxide dismutase were observed in broiler fed organic Zn, Se and Cr compared to the CD-fed group. The dietary concentrations of Zn, Se and Cr did not influence (P > 0.05) the immune responses (Newcastle disease titre and cell-mediated immune response to phytohaemagglutinin-P) in both the experiments. Based on the results, it is concluded that supplementation of organic form of Se, Cr and Zn (0.30, 2 and 40 mg/kg, respectively) either alone or in combination significantly improved performance and anti-oxidant responses (reduced LP and increased superoxide dismutase) in commercial broiler chicks (21 days of age) reared in cyclic heat stress conditions in open-sided poultry house during summer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ensminger ME, Oldfield JE, Heinemann WW (1990) Pages 8–120 in feeds and nutrition. The Ensminger Publishing Company, Clovis, CA

    Google Scholar 

  2. Geraert PA, Padilha JCF, Guillaumin S (1996) Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens: growth performance, body composition and energy retention. Br J Nutr 75:195–204

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Yalcin S, Ozkan S, Turkmut L, Siegel PB (2001) Responses to heat stress in commercial and local broiler stocks. 1. Performance traits. Br Poult Sci 42:149–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Sahin K, Kucuk O (2003) Heat stress and dietary vitamin supplementation of poultry diets. Nutr Abst Rev Series B Livestock Feeds Feeding 73:41R–50R

    Google Scholar 

  5. Zulkifli I, Norma MT, Israf DA, Omar AR (2000) The effect of early age feed restriction on subsequent response to high environmental temperatures in female broiler chickens. Poult Sci 79:1401–1407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mashaly MM, Hendricks GL, Kalama MA, Gehad AE, Abbas AO, Patterson PH (2004) Effect of heat stress on production parameters and immune responses of commercial laying hens. Poult Sci 83:889–894

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Newman AEM, Soma KK (2009) Corticosterone and dehydroepiancrostone in song bird plasma and brain: effect of season and acute stress. Eur J Neurosci 29:1905–1914

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Siegel HS (1995) Stress, strains and resistance. Br Poult Sci 36:3–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fridivich I (1978) The biology of oxygen radicals. Science 201:875–880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Wiseman H, Halliwell B (1996) Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer. Biochem J 313:17–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Nunes AV, Gozzo AJ, Crus-Silva I, Juliano MA, Viel TA (2005) Vitamin E prevents cell death induced by mild oxidative stress in chicken skeletal muscle cells. Comp Biochem Physiol Toxicol Pharmacol 141:225–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Underwood EJ, Suttle NF (2001) The mineral nutrition of livestock, 3rd edn. CAB Int, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  13. Burrell AL, Dozier WA, Davis AJ, Compton MM, Freeman ME, Vendrell PF, Ward TL (2004) Responses of broilers to dietary zinc concentrations and sources in relation to environmental implications. Br Poult Sci 45:225–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. NRC (1994) Nutrient requirements of poultry, 9th edn. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  15. Shyam Sunder G, Vijay Kumar C, Panda AK, Raju MVLN, Rama Rao SV (2011) Effect of supplemental inorganic Zn and Mn and their interactions on the performance of broiler chicken, mineral bioavailability and immune response. Biol Trace Elem Res 139:177–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Leeson S (2003) A new look at trace mineral nutrition of poultry: can we reduce environmental burden of poultry manure? Pages 125–131 in nutritional biotechnology in the feed and food industries. In: Lyons P, Jacques KA (eds) Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium. Nottingham Univ. Press, Nottingham

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dozier WA, Davis AJ, Freeman ME, Ward TL (2003) Early growth and environmental implications of dietary zinc and copper concentrations and source of broiler chicks. Br Poult Sci 44:726–731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. MacDonald RS (2000) The role of zinc in growth and cell proliferation. J Nutr 130(5S Suppl):1500S–1508S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bartlett JR, Smith MO (2003) Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and immune competence of broilers under heat stress. Poult Sci 82:1580–1588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sahin K, Kucuk O (2003) Zinc supplementation alleviates heat stress in laying Japanese quail. J Nut 33:2808–2811

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nollet L, Huyghebaert G, Spring P (2008) Effect of different levels of dietary organic (Bioplex) trace minerals on live performance of broiler chickens by growth phases. J Appl Poult Res 17:109–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mateos GG, Lazaro R, Astillero JR, Serrano MP (2005) Trace minerals: what text books don’t tell you. In: Taylor-Pickard J, Tuker L (eds) Re-defining mineral nutrition. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp 41–43

  23. Webb KE, Wong EA, Pan YX, Chen H, Poole CA, Van L, Klang JE (2005) The role of peptides in absorption pathways. In: Taylor-Pickard JA, Tucker LA (eds) Redefining mineral nutrition. Nottingham Univ Press, Nottingham, pp 197–225

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kopeć W, Jamroz D, Wiliczkiewicz A, Biazik E, Pudlo A, Hikawczuk T, Skiba T, Korzeniowska M (2013) Influence of different histidine sources and zinc supplementation of broiler diets on dipeptide content and antioxidant status of blood and meat. Br Poult Sci 54:454–65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rama Rao SV, Prakash B, Raju MVLN, Panda AK, Poonam NS, Murthy OK (2013) Effect of supplementing organic selenium on performance carcass traits oxidative parameters and immune responses in commercial broiler chickens. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 26:247–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Rama Rao SV, Raju MVLN, Panda AK, Poonam NS, Krishna Murthy O, Shyam Sunder G (2012) Effect of dietary supplementation of organic chromium on performance carcass traits oxidative parameters and immune responses in commercial broiler chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 147:135–141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ohishi N, Ohkawa Y, Yagi K (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissue by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 95:351–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Paglia DE, Valantine WN (1967) Studies on quantitative characterization of erythrocytes glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med 79:158–169

    Google Scholar 

  29. Madesh M, Balasubramanian KA (1998) Microtiter plate assay for superoxide dismutase using MTT reduction by superoxide. Indian J Biochem Biophy 35:184–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Benzie IFF, Strain JJ (1996) The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant power: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 239:70–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Corrier DE, DeLoach JR (1990) Evaluation of cell mediated cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by interdigital skin test. Poult Sci 69:403–408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wegmann TG, Smithies D (1966) A simple hemagglutination system requiring small amount of red cells and antibodies. Transfusion 6:67–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1989) Statistical methods. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mujahid A, Akiba Y, Toyomizu M (2007) Acute heat stress induces oxidative stress and decreases adaptation in young White Leghorn cockerels by down regulation of avian uncoupling protein. Poult Sci 86:364–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Habibian M, Ghazi S, Moeini MM (2015) Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on growth performance, meat yield, and selenium content and lipid oxidation of breast meat of broilers reared under heat stress. Biol Trace Elem Res PMID:26085059

  36. Nollet L, Van Der Klis JD, Lensing M, Spring P (2007) The effect of replacing inorganic with organic trace minerals in broiler diets on productive performance and mineral excretion. J Appl Poult Res 16:592–597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Abdallah AG, El-Husseiny OM, Abdel-Latif KO (2009) Influence of some dietary organic mineral supplementations on broiler performance. Int J Poult Sci 8:291–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sandoval M, Henry PR, Littell RC, Miles RD, Butcher GD, Ammerman CB (1999) Effect f dietary zinc source and method of oral administration on performance and tissue trace mineral concentration of broiler chicks. J Anim Sci 77:1788–1799

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hudson BP, Dozier WA III, Wilson JL, Sander JE, Ward TL (2004) Effect of dietary zinc source on reproductive performance and immune status of broiler. J Appl Poult Res 13:349–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bruerton (2005) Novel approaches to improving poultry meat production: do organic minerals have a role? In: Taylor-Pickard JA, Tucker LA (eds) Redefining mineral nutrition. Nottingham Univ Press, Nottingham, UK, pp 179–186

    Google Scholar 

  41. Loveridge N (1992) Micronutrients and longitudinal growth. Proc Nutr Soc 52:49–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ghazi S, Habibian M, Moeini MM, Abdolmohammadi AR (2012) Effects of dietary selenium, vitamin E, and their combination on growth, serum metabolites, and antioxidant defense system in skeletal muscle of broilers under heat stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 148:322–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Ghazi S, Habibian M, Moeini MM, Abdolmohammadi AR (2012) Effects of different levels of organic and inorganic chromium on growth performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 146:309–317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Larbier ZM, Chagneau AM, Geraert PA (1993) Influence of ambient temperature on true digestibility of protein and amino acids of rapeseed and soybean meals in broilers. Poult Sci 72:289–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bonnet S, Geraert PA, Lessire M, Carre B, Guillaumin S (1997) Effect of high ambient temperature on feed digestibility in broilers. Poult Sci 76:857–863

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hai L, Rong D, Zhang ZY (2000) The effect of thermal environment on the digestion of broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 83:57–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Cruz VC, Fernandez IB (2011) Effect of organic selenium and zinc on the performance and egg quality of Japanese quails. Braz J Poult Sci 13(2):91–95

    Google Scholar 

  48. Virden WS, Yeatman JB, Barber SJ, Willeford KO, Ward TL, Fakler TM, Wideman RF Jr, Kidd MT (2004) Immune system and cardiac functions of progeny chicks from dams fed diets differing in zinc and manganese level and source. Poult Sci 83:344–351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Dibner JJ, Richards JD (2006) Management beyond performance: role of organic trace minerals. Proc. Arkansas Nutritional Conference, Rogers, The Poultry Federation, Little Rock

    Google Scholar 

  50. Niu ZY, Liu FZ, Yan QL, Li WC (2009) Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress. Poult Sci 88:2101–2107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ibrahim MT, Eljack BH, Fadlalla IMT (2011) Selenium supplementation to broiler diets. Anim Sci J 2:12–17

    Google Scholar 

  52. Sand JS, Smith MO (1999) Broilers in heats tress conditions: effect of dietary manganese proteinate or chromium picolinate supplementation. J Appl Poult Res 8:280–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Halliwell BE, Gutteridge JMC (1989) Free radicals in biology and medicine, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  54. Reiter RJ, Carneiro NS, Oh CS (1997) Melatonin in relation to cellular anti-oxidative defence mechanisms. Horm Metab Res 29:363–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. McDowell LR (1989) Comparative aspects to human nutrition vitamin C, A and E. In: McDowell LR (ed) Vitamins in animal nutrition. Academic Press, London, pp 93–131

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  56. Azad MAK, Kikusato M, Maekawa T, Shirakawa H, Toyomizu M (2010) Metabolic characteristics and oxidative damage to skeletal muscle in broiler chickens exposed to chronic heat stress. Comp Biochem Phys (Part A) 155:401–406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sands JS, Smith MO (1999) Broilers in heat stress conditions: effects of dietary manganese proteinate or chromium Picolinate supplementation. J Appl Poult Res 8:280–287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sahin K, Sahin N, Kucuk O, Hayirli A, Prasad AS (2009) Role of dietary zinc in heat-stressed poultry: a review. Poult Sci 88:2176–2183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Onderci M, Sahin N, Sahin K, Kilic N (2003) The antioxidant properties of chromium and zinc: in vivo effects on digestibility lipid peroxidation, antioxidant vitamins and some minerals under a low ambient temperature. Biol Trace Elem Res 92:139–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Sahin K, Smith MO, Onderci M, Sahin N, Gursu MF, Kucuk O (2005) Supplementation of zinc from organic or inorganic source improves performance and antioxidant status of heat-distressed quail. Poult Sci 84:882–887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Das D (2002) Biochemistry, 11th edn. Academic Publishers, Kolkata

    Google Scholar 

  62. Aksu DS, Taylan A, Bülent O, Erol Baytok X (2010) The effects of replacing inorganic with a lower level of organically complexed minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) in broiler diets on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems. Asian Aust J Anim Sci 23:1066–1072

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Shyam Sunder G, Panda AK, Gopinath NCS, Rama Rao SV, Raju MVLN, Reddy MR, Vijay Kumar C (2008) Effects of higher levels of zinc supplementation on performance mineral availability and immune competence in broiler chickens. J Appl Poult Res 17:79–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Hosseini S, Arshami J, Torshizi ME (2011) Viral antibody titer and leukocyte subset responses to graded copper and zinc in broiler chicks. Asian J Anim Vet Adv 6:80–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Khajarern J, Ratanasethakul C, Kharajarern S, Ward TL, Fakler TM, Johnson AB (2002) Effect of zinc and manganese amino acid complexes (AvailaZ/M) on broiler breeder production and immunity. Poult Sci 81(1):40

    Google Scholar 

  66. Norain TM, Ismail IB, Al-Haidary AA (2013) Dietary inclusion of chromium to improve growth performance and immune-competence of broilers under heat stress. Ital J Anim Sci 12:562–566

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Bahrami A, Moeini MM, Ghazi S, Targhibi MR (2012) The effect of different levels of organic and inorganic chromium supplementation on immune function of broiler chicken under heat-stress conditions. J Appl Poult Res 21:209–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India

    S. V. Rama Rao, B. Prakash, M. V. L. N. Raju, A. K. Panda, R. K. Kumari & E. Pradeep Kumar Reddy

Authors
  1. S. V. Rama Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. Prakash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. V. L. N. Raju
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. K. Panda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. R. K. Kumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. E. Pradeep Kumar Reddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. V. Rama Rao.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rao, S.V.R., Prakash, B., Raju, M.V.L.N. et al. Effect of Supplementing Organic Forms of Zinc, Selenium and Chromium on Performance, Anti-Oxidant and Immune Responses in Broiler Chicken Reared in Tropical Summer. Biol Trace Elem Res 172, 511–520 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0587-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0587-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation