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Changes in Renal Tubular and Glomerular Functions and Biological Acid–Base Balance after Soil Replacement in Cd-Polluted Rice Paddies Calculated with a General Linear Mixed Model

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Abstract

Using a general linear mixed model, we conducted a 10-year follow-up investigation of 29 persons requiring observation in the cadmium (Cd)-polluted Kakehashi River basin to determine serial changes in biological parameters after removal of Cd-polluted soil present in rice paddies. In particular, we investigated changes in urinary Cd, urinary total protein, biological acid–base balance based on arterial blood pH, carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), base excess (BE), serum chloride ion (SCl−), and renal glomerular function based on serum creatinine (SCr) and creatinine clearance (CCr). In both sexes, urinary Cd concentrations decreased and total protein concentrations increased with increasing number of years elapsed, with the partial regression coefficients statistically significant in the women. Partial regression coefficients showed positive values for SCl−, with statistical significance in both sexes. The value for PaCO2 was significantly negative in men. Given the serial changes in arterial blood pH, PaCO2, BE, SCl−, it is suggested that the biological acid–base balance will progress to metabolic acidosis with hyperchloremia. Moreover, glomerular dysfunction as indicated by an increase in SCr and a decrease in CCr will continue to progress even after soil replacement. Interventions such as soil replacement appear to be too late to prevent progressive renal failure in Cd-exposed populations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (A2), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuohku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan

    Etsuko Kobayashi, Yasushi Suwazono & Mirei Dochi

  2. Department of Nursing, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan

    Ryumon Honda

  3. Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan

    Muneko Nishijo & Hideaki Nakagawa

  4. Department of Community Health Nursing, Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences, 5-11-80, Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan

    Teruhiko Kido

Authors
  1. Etsuko Kobayashi
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  2. Yasushi Suwazono
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  3. Ryumon Honda
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  4. Mirei Dochi
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  5. Muneko Nishijo
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  6. Teruhiko Kido
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  7. Hideaki Nakagawa
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Correspondence to Etsuko Kobayashi.

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Kobayashi, E., Suwazono, Y., Honda, R. et al. Changes in Renal Tubular and Glomerular Functions and Biological Acid–Base Balance after Soil Replacement in Cd-Polluted Rice Paddies Calculated with a General Linear Mixed Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 124, 164–172 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-008-8125-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-008-8125-8

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