Abstract
The definitive treatment for symptomatic large volume (>80 mL) benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is simple prostatectomy (SP). This can be performed by utilizing a retropubic, suprapubic, or a combined approach. The latter two approaches allow for the management of concomitant bladder diverticulum or stones through the same incision. Each approach affords unique technical strengths and weaknesses that must be considered in light of patient characteristics and concomitant pathology. SP allows for removal of the entire prostatic adenoma while obviating some of the neurovascular and continence issues that can arise from radical prostatectomy. Concerns with SP include its relatively high perioperative morbidity, notably bleeding. Therefore, there is increasing interest in less invasive options, including enucleation procedures and minimally invasive SP. This review presents an update regarding trends and outcomes of SP, as well as the effectiveness and popularity of alternative treatments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
Pariser JJ, Pearce SM, Patel SG, Bales GT. National Trends of Simple Prostatectomy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia With an Analysis of Risk Factors for Adverse Perioperative Outcomes. Urology. 2015;86:721–5. This manuscript represents the largest national database study regarding trends in the use of SP with a multivariate analysis of risk factors for complications.
Jones P, Alzweri L, Rai BP, Somani BK, Bates C, Aboumarzouk OM. Holmium laser enucleation versus simple prostatectomy for treating large prostates: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arab J Urol. 2016;14:50–8.
Lee C, Kozlowski JM, Grayhack JT. Etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Clin N Am. 1995;22:237–46.
Lee C, Kozlowski JM, Grayhack JT. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors controlling benign prostatic growth. Prostate. 1997;31:131–8.
Auffenberg GB, Helfand BT, McVary KT. Established medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Clin N Am. 2009;36:443–59.
McVary KT. BPH: epidemiology and comorbidities. Am J Manag Care. 2006;12:S122–8.
Wright EJ, Fang J, Metter EJ, Partin AW, Landis P, Chan DW, et al. Prostate specific antigen predicts the long-term risk of prostate enlargement: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Urol. 2002;167:2484–7.
Blankstein U, Van Asseldonk B, Elterman DS. BPH update: medical versus interventional management. Can J Urol. 2016;23:10–5.
Roehrborn CG, Siami P, Barkin J, Damião R, Major-Walker K, Nandy I, et al. The effects of combination therapy with dutasteride and tamsulosin on clinical outcomes in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: 4-year results from the CombAT study. Eur Urol. 2010;57:123–31.
Roehrborn CG, Barkin J, Siami P, Tubaro A, Wilson TH, Morrill BB, et al. Clinical outcomes after combined therapy with dutasteride plus tamsulosin or either monotherapy in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by baseline characteristics: 4-year results from the randomized, double-blind Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin (CombAT) trial. BJU Int. 2011;107:946–54.
McConnell JD, Roehrborn CG, Bautista OM, Andriole GL, Dixon CM, Kusek JW, et al. The long-term effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2387–98.
McVary KT, Roehrborn CG, Avins AL, Barry MJ, Bruskewitz RC, Donnell RF, et al. Update on AUA guideline on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2011;185:1793–803.
Madersbacher S, Alivizatos G, Nordling J, Sanz CR, Emberton M, de la Rosette JJMCH. EAU 2004 guidelines on assessment, therapy and follow-up of men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction (BPH guidelines). Eur Urol. 2004;46:547–54.
Gee WF, Holtgrewe HL, Albertsen PC, Litwin MS, Manyak MJ, O’Leary MP, et al. Practice trends in the diagnosis and management of benign prostatic hyperplasia in the United States. J Urol. 1995;154:205–6.
Bruskewitz R. Management of symptomatic BPH in the US: who is treated and how? Eur Urol. 1999;36 Suppl 3:7–13.
Roos NP, Wennberg JE, Malenka DJ, Fisher ES, McPherson K, Andersen TF, et al. Mortality and reoperation after open and transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1120–4.
Varkarakis I, Kyriakakis Z, Delis A, Protogerou V, Deliveliotis C. Long-term results of open transvesical prostatectomy from a contemporary series of patients. Urology. 2004;64:306–10.
Parsons JK, Rangarajan SS, Palazzi K, Chang D. A national, comparative analysis of perioperative outcomes of open and minimally invasive simple prostatectomy. J Endourol. 2015;29:919–24.
Chughtai BI, Simma-Chiang V, Lee R, Isaacs A, Te AE, Kaplan SA, et al. Trends and utilization of laser prostatectomy in ambulatory surgical procedures for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in New York State (2000–2011). J Endourol. 2015;29:700–6.
Lowrance WT, Southwick A, Maschino AC, Sandhu JS. Contemporary practice patterns of endoscopic surgical management for benign prostatic hyperplasia among urologists in the United States. J Urol. 2013;189:1811–6. This study reports on the urologist-level practice patterns in the treatment of BPH. Notably, endoscopic laser procedures are gaining in popularity, especially with younger physicians.
Serretta V, Morgia G, Fondacaro L, Curto G. Lo bianco A, Pirritano D, et al. Open prostatectomy for benign prostatic enlargement in southern Europe in the late 1990s: a contemporary series of 1800 interventions. Urology. 2002;60:623–7.
Gratzke C, Schlenker B, Seitz M, Karl A, Hermanek P, Lack N, et al. Complications and early postoperative outcome after open prostatectomy in patients with benign prostatic enlargement: results of a prospective multicenter study. J Urol. 2007;177:1419–22.
Abrams PH, Shah PJ, Bryning K, Gaches CG, Ashken MH, Green NA. Blood loss during transurethral resection of the prostate. Anaesthesia. 1982;37:71–3.
Montesi L, Quaresima L, Tiroli M, Lacetera V, Cantoro U, Sbrollini G, et al. Improvement of lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual activity after open simple prostatectomy: prospective analysis of 50 cases. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2014;86:353–5.
Chen S, Zhu L, Cai J, Zheng Z, Ge R, Wu M, et al. Plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate compared with open prostatectomy for prostates larger than 100 grams: a randomized noninferiority controlled trial with long-term results at 6 years. Eur Urol. 2014;66:284–91. This was a randomized trial of plasmakinetic enucleation and open prostatectomy. The enucleation procedure demonstrated similar long-term voiding outcomes with improved perioperative morbidity.
Kuntz RM, Lehrich K, Ahyai SA. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus open prostatectomy for prostates greater than 100 grams: 5-year follow-up results of a randomised clinical trial. Eur Urol. 2008;53:160–6.
Elshal AM, El-Nahas AR, Barakat TS, Elsaadany MM, El-Hefnawy AS. Transvesical open prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia in the era of minimally invasive surgery: perioperative outcomes of a contemporary series. Arab J Urol. 2013;11:362–8.
Autorino R, Zargar H, Mariano MB, Sanchez-Salas R, Sotelo RJ, Chlosta PL, et al. Perioperative Outcomes of robotic and laparoscopic simple prostatectomy: a European-American multi-institutional analysis. Eur Urol. 2015;68:86–94. This is a very large multi-institutional study regarding the perioperative outcomes of minimally invasive simple prostatectomy. They demonstrate good outcomes of the procedure across multiple centers.
Humphreys M, Miller N, Handa S, Terry C, Munch L, Lingeman J. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate—outcomes independent of prostate size? J Urol. 2008;180:2431–5.
Geavlete B, Stanescu F, Iacoboaie C, Geavlete P. Bipolar plasma enucleation of the prostate vs open prostatectomy in large benign prostatic hyperplasia cases—a medium term, prospective, randomized comparison. BJU Int. 2013;111:793–803.
Sivarajan G, Borofsky MS, Shah O, Lingeman JE, Lepor H. The Role of Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques in the Management of Large-gland Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy. Rev Urol. 2015;17:140–9.
Salonia A, Suardi N, Naspro R, Mazzoccoli B, Zanni G, Gallina A, et al. Holmium laser enucleation versus open prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: an inpatient cost analysis. Urology. 2006;68:302–6.
Gross AJ, Netsch C, Knipper S, Hölzel J, Bach T. Complications and early postoperative outcome in 1080 patients after thulium vapoenucleation of the prostate: results at a single institution. Eur Urol. 2013;63:859–67. This is a very large study (n = 1080) regarding thulium laser vapoenucleation of the prostate and perioperative outcomes with improvements in complication rates seen throughout their experience.
El-Hakim A, Elhilali MM. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate can be taught: the first learning experience. BJU Int. 2002;90:863–9.
Shah HN, Mahajan AP, Sodha HS, Hegde S, Mohile PD, Bansal MB. Prospective evaluation of the learning curve for holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. J Urol. 2007;177:1468–74.
Mariano MB, Graziottin TM, Tefilli MV. Laparoscopic prostatectomy with vascular control for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2002;167:2528–9.
Pavan N, Zargar H, Sanchez-Salas R, Castillo O, Celia A, Gallo G, et al. Robot-assisted versus standard laparoscopy for simple prostatectomy: multicenter comparative outcomes. Urology. 2016 (in press). This is a comparative analysis of robotic and laparoscopic simple prostatectomy across multiple centers. Both procedures were safe approaches to treat BPH in very large glands.
Baumert H, Ballaro A, Dugardin F, Kaisary AV. Laparoscopic versus open simple prostatectomy: a comparative study. J Urol. 2006;175:1691–4.
McCullough TC, Heldwein FL, Soon SJ, Galiano M, Barret E, Cathelineau X, et al. Laparoscopic versus open simple prostatectomy: an evaluation of morbidity. J Endourol. 2009;23:129–33.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Joseph J. Pariser, Vignesh T. Packiam, Melanie A. Adamsky, and Gregory T. Bales each declare no potential conflicts of interest.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pariser, J.J., Packiam, V.T., Adamsky, M.A. et al. Trends in Simple Prostatectomy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Curr Urol Rep 17, 57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-016-0610-6
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-016-0610-6