Skip to main content
Log in

Nutrition for the pediatric athlete

  • Published:
Current Sports Medicine Reports

Abstract

A paucity of literature exists with regard to research on nutrition for the pediatric athlete. This lack of research makes the development of specific nutritional recommendations for young athletes problematic. This issue is made difficult by the macro- and micronutrient intake required for growth and development in conjunction with that required for sports. Exogenous carbohydrate drinks could be considered for the young athlete engaged in both endurance exercise and high-intensity exercise. Monitoring of the energy intake during resistance training in the pediatric athlete needs to be considered, as there is evidence to suggest that energy deficits may occur. If decrements in exercise performance are noted, then serum ferritin and hemoglobin concentrations should be monitored, as nonanemic iron deficiency is prevalent in the pediatric athlete. The pediatric athlete exercising in the heat is susceptible to voluntary dehydration and evidence exists to suggest that a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink will abolish this phenomenon.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

  1. Tanner JM: Foetus Into Man: Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  2. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition: Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Forbes GB: Body composition in infancy, childhood and adolescence. In Human Body Composition. Edited by Forbes GB. New York: Springer Verlag, 1987; 125–168.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Bresson JL: Protein and energy requirements in healthy and ill paediatric patients. Bailliares Clin Ggastroenterol 1998, 12:631–645.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Williams CL: Importance of dietary fiber in childhood. J Am Diet Assoc 1995, 95:1140–1146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition: Statement of cholesterol. Pediatrics 1992, 90:469–473.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Weidman W, Kwiterovich P, Jesse MJ, et al.: Diet in the healthy child: Task Force Committee of the Nutrition Committee and Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Council of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1983, 67:1411–1414.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hansen MA, Overgraad K, Riis BJ, et al.: Role of peak bone mass and bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 12-year study. Br Med J 1991, 303:961–964.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Alaimo K, McDowell MA, Briefel RR: Dietary Intake of Vitamins, Minerals, and Fiber of Persons Ages 2 Months and Over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988–1991. Advance data from vital and health statistics, no 258. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  10. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Optimal Calcium Intake: optimal calcium intake. J Am Med Assoc 1994, 272:1942–1948.

  11. National Research Council: Recommended Dietary Allowances. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Lloyd T, Andon MB, Rollings N: Calcium supplementation and bone mineral density in adolescent girls. JAMA 1993, 270:841–844.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Javaid MK, Cooper C: Prenatal and childhood influences on osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 16:349–367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Tapiero H, Gate L, Tew KD: Iron: deficiencies and requirements. Biomed Pharmacother 2001, 55:324–332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-Committee on Nutrition: Second Report on the World Nutrition Situation 1992, Vol.1. Global and Regional Results. Geneva: ACC/SCN World Health Organization; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hallberg L: Iron requirements, iron balance and iron deficiency in menstruating and pregnant women. In Iron Nutrition in Health and Diseases. Edited by Hallberg L, Asp NG. Hampshire, England: John Libbey; 1996:165–182.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics: Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Theintz GE, Howland H, Weiss U, et al.: Evidence for a reduction of growth potential in adolescent female gymnasts. J Pediatr 1993, 122:306–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Baxter-Jones AD, Helms P, Baines-Preece J, Preece M: Menarche in intensively trained gymnasts, swimmers, and tennis players. Ann Hum Biol 1994, 21:407–415.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Malina R: Physical growth and biological maturation of young athletes. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1994, 22:389–434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fogelholm M, Rankinen T, Isokaanta M, et al.: Growth, dietary intake, and trace element status in pubescent athletes and schoolchildren. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000, 32:738–746.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Beunen GP, Malina M, Renson R, et al.: Physical activity and growth, maturation and performance: a longitudinal study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992, 24:576–585.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Erikkson BO, Gollnick PD, Saltin B: Muscle metabolism and enzyme activities after training in boys 11–13 years old. Acta Physiol Scand 1973, 87:485–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Keul J: Zur belastbarkeit des kinlichen organismus aus biochemischer sicht. In Kinder im Leistungsport. Edited by Howald E, Hatin E. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag; 1982:31–49.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Haralambie G: Skeletal muscle enzyme activities in female subjects of various ages. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1979, 15:259–267.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Martinez LR, Haymes EM: Substrate utilisation during treadmill running in prepubertal girls and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992, 24:975–983.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Berg A, Keul J: Biochemical changes during exercise in children. In Young Athletes. A Biological, Psychological and Educational Perspective. Edited by Malina RM. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1988:61–67.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Delamarche P, Monnier M, Gratas-Delamarche A, et al.: Glucose and free fatty acid utilization during prolonged exercise in prepubertal boys in relation to catecholamine responses. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992, 65:66–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rowland TW: Aerobic response to endurance training in prepubescent children: a critical analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985, 17:493–497.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Coyle EF: Timing and method of increasing carbohydrate intake to cope with heavy training, competition and recovery. J Sports Sci 1992, 9(Special issue):29–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Timmons BW, Bar-Or O, Riddell MC: Oxidation rate of exogenous carbohydrate during exercise is higher in boys than in men. J Appl Physiol 2003, 94:278–284. This excellent study demonstrated that the relative oxidation rate of ingested carbohydrates is higher in boys than men. This greater reliance on exogenous carbohydrate during prolonged submaximal exercise may preserve endogenous fuels and could prolong exercise performance.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Riddell M, Bar-Or O, Wilk B, et al.: Substrate utilization during exercise with glucose and glucose plus fructose ingestion in boys aged 10–14 yr. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:903–911. Well-designed study that demonstrates that glucose and glucosefructose drinks spare endogenous carbohydrate and fat during prolonged exercise and delay fatigue in short-term high-intensity exercise in children and adolescents.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lemon P: Effect of exercise on protein requirements. J Sports Sci 1992, 9(Special issue):53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Bar-Or O, Unnithan VB: Nutritional requirements of young soccer players. J Sports Sci 1994, 12:S39-S42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. O’Connor H: Special needs: children an adolescents in sport. In Clinical Sports Nutrition. Edited Burke LM, Deakin V. Sydney: McGraw Hill; 2000:390–414.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Pikosky M, Faigenbaum A, Westcott W, Rodriguez N: Effects of resistance training on protein utilization in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002, 34:820–827. Good study that demonstrated that boys and girls engaged in resistance training could be susceptible to a down-regulation in protein metabolism that may stem from an energy deficit during training.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. MacDougall JD, Roche PD, Bar-Or O, Moroz JR: Maximal aerobic capacity of Canadian school children: predicted based on age-related oxygen cost of running. Int J Sports Med 1983, 4:194–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bar-Or O: Climate and the exercising child. Int J Sports Med 1980, 1:53–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Falk B, Bar-Or O, MacDougall JD: Thermoregulatory responses of pre-mid- and late -pubertal boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992, 24:688–694.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Araki T, Toda Y, Matsushita K, Tsujino A: Age differences in sweating during muscular exercise. Japan J Physical Fitness Sports Med 1979, 28:239–248.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Meyer F, Bar-Or O, MacDougall JD, Heigenhauser JF: Sweat electrolyte loss during exercise in the heat: effects of gender and maturation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992, 24:776–781.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bar-Or O, Blimkie CJR, Hay JA, et al.: Voluntary dehydration and heat intolerance in patients with cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1992, 339:696–699.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Wilk B, Bar-Or O: Effect of drink flavour and NaCl on voluntary drinking and hydration in boys exercising in the heat. J Appl Physiol 1996, 80:1112–1117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Nose H, Mack GW, Shi X, Nadel ER: Role of plasma osmolality and plasma volume during rehydration in humans. J Appl Physiol 1988, 65:325–331.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pate RR, Maguire M, Van Wyke J: Dietary iron supplementation in women athletes. Phys Sportsmed 1979, 7:81–89.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Rowland TW, Black SA, Kelleher JF: Iron deficiency in adolescent endurance athletes. J Adolesc Health 1987, 8:322–326.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rowland TW, Kelleher JF: Iron deficiency in athletes. Insights from high school swimmers. Am J Dis Childhood 1989, 143:197–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Nickerson HJ, Holubets MC, Weiler BR, et al.: Causes of iron deficiency in adolescent athletes. J Peds 1989, 114:657–663.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Boyadijev N, Tralov Z: Red blood cell variables in highly trained pubescent athletes: a comparative analysis. Br J Sports Med 2000, 34:200–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Spodaryk K: Iron metabolism in boys involved in intensive physical training. Physiol Behav 2002, 75:201–206. Well designed study that demonstrates the presence of non-ironrelated anemia in highly trained prepubertal swimmers.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Unnithan, V.B., Goulopoulou, S. Nutrition for the pediatric athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep 3, 206–211 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11932-004-0017-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11932-004-0017-x

Keywords

Navigation