Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Current Epidemiology and Risk Factors for the Development of Hand Osteoarthritis

  • Osteoarthritis (M Goldring and T Griffin, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Rheumatology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Hand osteoarthritis (hand OA), the most common peripheral arthritis in the world, is less studied than osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and hip. However, it is uniquely situated to offer novel insight into OA as a disease process by removing weight-bearing as a confounder of systemic disease mechanisms. Here we review the epidemiology of hand OA and key risk factors for its development.

Recent Findings

Mounting evidence points to obesity as an important risk factor for hand OA development, with new evidence implicating a role for leptin and serum fatty acids. Disease progression in hand OA and specifically the erosive OA subtype may be associated with diabetes. New evidence supports an association between cardiovascular disease progression and symptomatic hand OA. Alcohol use may be associated with increased synovitis and erosive hand OA. Differences in ethnical distributions of hand OA have become more apparent, with a lower prevalence in Black patients compared to White patients. Novel genetic insights implicating the WNT gene pathway and IL-1β have led to novel potential targets in hand OA pathogenesis.

Summary

Hand OA is a heterogeneous disease with many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that can determine disease severity and shed light on disease pathogenesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Martel-Pelletier J, Barr AJ, Cicuttini FM, Conaghan PG, Cooper C, Goldring MB, et al. Osteoarthritis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2016;2(1):16072.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Neogi T. The epidemiology and impact of pain in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21(9):1145–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Zhang Y, Xu L, Nevitt MC, Niu J, Goggins JP, Aliabadi P, et al. Lower prevalence of hand osteoarthritis among Chinese subjects in Beijing compared with white subjects in the United States: the Beijing Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(4):1034–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kalichman L, Kobyliansky E. Hand osteoarthritis in Chuvashian population: prevalence and determinants. Rheumatol Int. 2009;30(1):85–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kalichman L, Li L, Batsevich V, Malkin I, Kobyliansky E. Prevalence, pattern and determinants of radiographic hand osteoarthritis in five Russian community-based samples. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(6):803–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. •• Haugen IK, Englund M, Aliabadi P, Niu J, Clancy M, Kvien TK, et al. Prevalence, incidence and progression of hand osteoarthritis in the general population: the Framingham Osteoarthritis study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(9):1581–6. A seminal study in hand OA epidemiology that many subsequent papers have used as a comparator.

  7. Nelson AE, Renner JB, Schwartz TA, Kraus VB, Helmick CG, Jordan JM. Differences in multijoint radiographic osteoarthritis phenotypes among African Americans and Caucasians: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis project. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(12):3843–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Toba N, Sakai A, Aoyagi K, Yoshida S, Honda S, Nakamura T. Prevalence and involvement patterns of radiographic hand osteoarthritis in Japanese women: the Hizen-Oshima study. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24(4):344–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cho HJ, Morey V, Kang JY, Kim KW, Kim TK. Prevalence and risk factors of spine, shoulder, hand, hip, and knee osteoarthritis in community-dwelling Koreans older than age 65 years. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(10):3307–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Kodama R, Muraki S, Oka H, Iidaka T, Teraguchi M, Kagotani R, et al. Prevalence of hand osteoarthritis and its relationship to hand pain and grip strength in Japan: the third survey of the ROAD study. Mod Rheumatol. 2016;26(5):767–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. •• Haugen IK, Magnusson K, Turkiewicz A, Englund M. The prevalence, incidence, and progression of hand osteoarthritis in relation to body mass index, smoking, and alcohol consumption. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(9):1402–9. Well done longitudinal study of smoking, obesity, and alcohol use with hand OA, which found negative obesity results, conflicting smoking results, but a higher risk of alcohol and EOA, suggesting further study. This also highlights the often conflicting results seen in longitudinal vs cross-sectional analysis in hand OA.

  12. • Kwok WY, Kloppenburg M, Rosendaal FR, van Meurs JB, Hofman A, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA. Erosive hand osteoarthritis: its prevalence and clinical impact in the general population and symptomatic hand osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(7):1238–42. Very well conducted study and comparison to other EOA epidemiological studies.

  13. Paradowski PT, Lohmander LS, Englund M. Natural history of radiographic features of hand osteoarthritis over 10 years. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(7):917–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Sowers M, Lachance L, Hochberg M, Jamadar D. Radiographically defined osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in young and middle-aged African American and Caucasian women. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2000;8(2):69–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Macías-Hernández SI, et al. Prevalence of clinical and radiological osteoarthritis in knee, hip, and hand in an urban adult population of Mexico City. Reumatología Clínica. 2020;16(2):156–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Dahaghin S. Prevalence and pattern of radiographic hand osteoarthritis and association with pain and disability (the Rotterdam study). Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(5):682–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. •• Marshall M, Watt FE, Vincent TL, Dziedzic K. Hand osteoarthritis: clinical phenotypes, molecular mechanisms and disease management. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(11):641–56. Excellent review of hand OA, with special attention paid to exhaustive inclusion of hand OA incidence studies and hand OA imaging techniques.

  18. Abraham AM, et al. Population prevalence of ultrasound features of osteoarthritis in the hand, knee and hip at age 63 years: the Newcastle thousand families birth cohort. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15(1):1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rossignol M, Leclerc A, Allaert FA, Rozenberg S, Valat JP, Avouac B, et al. Primary osteoarthritis of hip, knee, and hand in relation to occupational exposure. Occup Environ Med. 2005;62(11):772–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Nakamura R, et al. The aetiological significance of work-load in the development of osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1993;18(4):540–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jensen V, Bøggild H, Johansen JP. Occupational use of precision grip and forceful gripping, and arthrosis of finger joints: a literature review. Occup Med. 1999;49(6):383–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hammer PEC, Shiri R, Kryger AI, Kirkeskov L, Bonde JP. Associations of work activities requiring pinch or hand grip or exposure to hand-arm vibration with finger and wrist osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2014;40(2):133–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kloppenburg M, Kwok W-Y. Hand osteoarthritis—a heterogeneous disorder. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(1):22–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kalichman L, Cohen Z, Kobyliansky E, Livshits G. Patterns of joint distribution in hand osteoarthritis: contribution of age, sex, and handedness. Am J Hum Biol. 2004;16(2):125–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. •• Haugen IK, Felson DT, Abhishek A, Berenbaum F, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Borgen T, et al. Development of classification criteria for hand osteoarthritis: comparative analyses of persons with and without hand osteoarthritis. RMD Open. 2020;6(2):e001265. Further explanation of the unique risk profile and clustering of thumb base OA compared to other subsets of HOA.

  26. Kwok WY, Kloppenburg M, Marshall M, Nicholls E, Rosendaal FR, Peat G. The prevalence of erosive osteoarthritis in carpometacarpal joints and its clinical burden in symptomatic community-dwelling adults. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2014;22(6):756–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kloppenburg M, van Beest S, Kroon FPB. Thumb base osteoarthritis: a hand osteoarthritis subset requiring a distinct approach. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(5):649–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Banks SE. Erosive osteoarthritis: a current review of a clinical challenge. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29(7):697–706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Peter JB, Pearson CM, Marmor L. Erosive osteoarthritis of the hands. Arthritis Rheum. 1966;9(3):365–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kwok WY, Kloppenburg M, Marshall M, Nicholls E, Rosendaal FR, van der Windt DA, et al. Comparison of clinical burden between patients with erosive hand osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis in symptomatic community-dwelling adults: the Keele clinical assessment studies. Rheumatology. 2013;52(12):2260–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Verbruggen G, Veys EM. Numerical scoring systems for the anatomic evolution of osteoarthritis of the finger joints. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(2):308–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gazeley DJ, Yeturi S, Patel PJ, Rosenthal AK. Erosive osteoarthritis: a systematic analysis of definitions used in the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;46(4):395–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Altman R, Alarcon G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, Brandt K, et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(11):1601–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang W, Doherty M, Leeb BF, Alekseeva L, Arden NK, Bijlsma JW, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of hand osteoarthritis: report of a task force of ESCISIT. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(1):8–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. •• Kloppenburg M, Kroon FPB, Blanco FJ, Doherty M, Dziedzic KS, Greibrokk E, et al. 2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of hand osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(1):16–24. Update of 2007 EULAR and 2012 ACR treatment guidelines for HOA, introducing several management principles which primarily focus on treatment of symptoms and maximizing function.

  36. •• Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, Oatis C, Guyatt G, Block J, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2020;72(2):220–33. Update from 2012 ACR treatment guidelines for knee, hip, and hand OA, with many similarities to the EULAR treatment guidelines, but with more treatment modalities considered, although surgical recommendations are notably absent.

  37. Zhang Y, Niu J, Kelly-Hayes M, Chaisson CE, Aliabadi P, Felson DT. Prevalence of symptomatic hand osteoarthritis and its impact on functional status among the elderly: the Framingham study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(11):1021–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mannoni A, Briganti MP, di Bari M, Ferrucci L, Costanzo S, Serni U, et al. Epidemiological profile of symptomatic osteoarthritis in older adults: a population based study in Dicomano. Italy Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003;62(6):576–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Yeşil H. Prevalence of symptomatic knee, hand and hip osteoarthritis among individuals 40 years or older: a study conducted in İzmir city. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2013;47(4):231–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Carmona L. The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the general population of Spain: results from a national survey. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60(11):1040–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Andrianakos AA, Kontelis LK, Karamitsos DG, Aslanidis SI, Georgountzos AI, Kaziolas GO, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic knee, hand, and hip osteoarthritis in Greece. The ESORDIG study. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(12):2507–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Dillon CF, et al. Symptomatic hand osteoarthritis in the United States: prevalence and functional impairment estimates from the third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1991-1994. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;86(1):12–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hart DJ, Spector TD. The relationship of obesity, fat distribution and osteoarthritis in women in the general population: the Chingford Study. J Rheumatol. 1993;20(2):331–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hirsch R, et al. The patterns and prevalence of hand osteoarthritis in a population of disabled older women: the women's health and aging study. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2000;8(SUPPL. A):16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Peat G, Rathod-Mistry T, Paskins Z, Marshall M, Thomas MJ, Menz HB, et al. Relative prevalence and distribution of knee, hand and foot symptomatic osteoarthritis subtypes in an English population. Musculoskeletal Care. 2020;18(2):219–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Dahaghin S, et al. Erratum: Prevalence and pattern of radiographic hand osteoarthritis and association with pain and disability (the Rotterdam study) (Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (682-687)). Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(8):1248.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Pereira D, Peleteiro B, Araújo J, Branco J, Santos RA, Ramos E. The effect of osteoarthritis definition on prevalence and incidence estimates: a systematic review. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2011;19(11):1270–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhang Y. Prevalence of symptomatic hand osteoarthritis and its impact on functional status among the elderly: the Framingham study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(11):1021–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Punzi L, Ramonda R, Sfriso P. Erosive osteoarthritis. Best Practice and Research. Clin Rheumatol. 2004;18(5 SPEC ISS):739–58.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Vanhaverbeke T, Pardaens L, Wittoek R. Natural disease progression in finger osteoarthritis: results from a 10 year follow-up cohort. Scand J Rheumatol. 2020;49(6):498–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sellam J, Maheu E, Crema MD, Touati A, Courties A, Tuffet S, et al. The DIGICOD cohort: a hospital-based observational prospective cohort of patients with hand osteoarthritis - methodology and baseline characteristics of the population. Joint Bone Spine. 2021;88(4):105171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Prieto-Alhambra D, Judge A, Javaid MK, Cooper C, Diez-Perez A, Arden NK. Incidence and risk factors for clinically diagnosed knee, hip and hand osteoarthritis: influences of age, gender and osteoarthritis affecting other joints. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(9):1659–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. McAlindon T, Roberts M, Driban J, Schaefer L, Haugen IK, Smith SE, et al. Incident hand OA is strongly associated with reduced peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2018;26(12):1651–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Zhang F, Zhai G, Kato BS, Hart DJ, Hunter D, Spector TD, et al. Association between KLOTHO gene and hand osteoarthritis in a female Caucasian population. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2007;15(6):624–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Cecil R, Archer B. Arthritis of the Menopause. J Am Med Assoc. 1925;84(2):75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Watt FE. Hand osteoarthritis, menopause and menopausal hormone therapy. Maturitas. 2016;83:13–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. •• Hussain SM, Cicuttini FM, Alyousef B, Wang Y. Female hormonal factors and osteoarthritis of the knee, hip and hand: a narrative review. Climacteric. 2018;21(2):132–9. The most current and complete review of hormonal and menopausal contributions to OA we have found, also with an extensive list of excellent resources to consult on the topic.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. de Klerk BM, Schiphof D, Groeneveld FPMJ, Koes BW, van Osch GJVM, van Meurs JBJ, et al. No clear association between female hormonal aspects and osteoarthritis of the hand, hip and knee: a systematic review. Rheumatology. 2009;48(9):1160–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Jordan JM. An Ongoing assessment of osteoarthritis in African Americans and Caucasians in North Carolina: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2015;126:77–86.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Ishimori ML, et al. Heritability patterns in hand osteoarthritis: the role of osteophytes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010:12(5).

  61. Kazmers NH, et al. Familial clustering of erosive hand osteoarthritis in a large statewide cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2020:art.41520.

  62. Ramonda R, Sartori L, Ortolan A, Frallonardo P, Lorenzin M, Punzi L, et al. The controversial relationship between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis: an update on hand subtypes. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016;19(10):954–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Vargiolu M, Silvestri T, Bonora E, Dolzani P, Pulsatelli L, Addimanda O, et al. Interleukin-4/interleukin-4 receptor gene polymorphisms in hand osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(6):810–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Näkki A, et al. Allelic variants of IL1R1 gene associate with severe hand osteoarthritis. BMC Med Genet. 2010;11(1):1–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Moxley G, Meulenbelt I, Chapman K, van Diujn CM, Eline Slagboom P, Neale MC, et al. Interleukin-1 region meta-analysis with osteoarthritis phenotypes. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(2):200–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Stern AG, de Carvalho MR, Buck GA, Adler RA, Rao TP, Disler D, et al. Association of erosive hand osteoarthritis with a single nucleotide polymorphism on the gene encoding interleukin-1 beta. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2003;11(6):394–402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Schieker M, et al. Effects of Interleukin-1β Inhibition on Incident Hip and Knee Replacement. Ann Intern Med. 2020:M20–0527.

  68. Kloppenburg M, Peterfy C, Haugen IK, Kroon F, Chen S, Wang L, et al. Phase IIa, placebo-controlled, randomised study of lutikizumab, an anti-interleukin-1α and anti-interleukin-1β dual variable domain immunoglobulin, in patients with erosive hand osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(3):413–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Plotz B, Pillinger M, Samuels J. Colchicine and clinical trials for hand osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2021.

  70. Styrkarsdottir U, et al. Severe osteoarthritis of the hand associates with common variants within the ALDH1A2 gene and with rare variants at 1p31. Nat Genet. 2014;46(5):498–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Shepherd C, Zhu D, Skelton AJ, Combe J, Threadgold H, Zhu L, et al. Functional characterization of the osteoarthritis genetic risk residing at ALDH1A2 Identifies rs12915901 as a key target variant. Arthritis Rheum. 2018;70(10):1577–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. •• Boer CG, et al. Genome-wide association of phenotypes based on clustering patterns of hand osteoarthritis identify WNT9A as novel osteoarthritis gene. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;80(3):367–75. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217834. First paper to introduce WNT9A as a potentially important genetic risk factor for hand OA.

  73. den Hollander W, Boer CG, Hart DJ, Yau MS, Ramos YFM, Metrustry S, et al. Genome-wide association and functional studies identify a role for matrix Gla protein in osteoarthritis of the hand. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(12):2046–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Min JL. Association of matrilin-3 polymorphisms with spinal disc degeneration and osteoarthritis of the first carpometacarpal joint of the hand. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(8):1060–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Hämäläinen S, et al. Genetic influences on hand osteoarthritis in Finnish women - a replication study of candidate genes. PLoS One. 2014;9(5).

  76. Droz-Bartholet F, Verhoeven F, Prati C, Wendling D. Prevention of hand osteoarthritis by hemiparesis. Arthritis Rheum. 2016;68(3):647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Taipale M, et al. Functional polymorphisms in asporin and CILP together with joint loading predispose to hand osteoarthritis. BMC Genet. 2017;18(1):1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Yoshida S, Aoyagi K, Felson DT, Aliabadi P, Shindo H, Takemoto T. Comparison of the prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee and hand between Japan and the United States. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(7):1454–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Snyder EA, Alvarez C, Golightly YM, Renner JB, Jordan JM, Nelson AE. Incidence and progression of hand osteoarthritis in the Johnston county osteoarthritis project. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2019;27(2019):S257–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. •• Pishgar F, et al. Association between race and radiographic, symptomatic, and clinical hand osteoarthritis: a propensity score-matched study using osteoarthritis initiative data. Arthritis Rheum. 2020;(443):0–3. A nice study using propensity-score matching of a very large cohort from the OAI showing a reduced risk of HOA in Blacks vs non-Blacks taking into account many risk factors for hand OA, suggesting the existence of an as of yet undescribed protective mechanism in hand OA for Blacks.

  81. Yusuf E, Nelissen RG, Ioan-Facsinay A, Stojanovic-Susulic V, DeGroot J, van Osch G, et al. Association between weight or body mass index and hand osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(4):761–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Rydberg M, Dahlin LB, Gottsäter A, Nilsson PM, Melander O, Zimmerman M. High body mass index is associated with increased risk for osteoarthritis of the first carpometacarpal joint during more than 30 years of follow-up. RMD Open. 2020;6(3):e001368.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Reyes C, Leyland KM, Peat G, Cooper C, Arden NK, Prieto-Alhambra D. Association between overweight and obesity and risk of clinically diagnosed knee, hip, and hand osteoarthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2016;68(8):1869–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Jiang L, Xie X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Lu Y, Tian T, et al. Body mass index and hand osteoarthritis susceptibility: an updated meta-analysis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016;19(12):1244–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Funck-Brentano T, Nethander M, Movérare-Skrtic S, Richette P, Ohlsson C. Causal factors for knee, hip, and hand osteoarthritis: a Mendelian randomization study in the UK Biobank. Arthritis Rheum. 2019;71(10):1634–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lawrence JS. Rheumatism in cotton operatives. Occup Environ Med. 1961;18(4):270–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hunter DJ, Zhang Y, Nevitt MC, Xu L, Niu J, Lui LY, et al. Chopstick arthropathy: the Beijing Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(5):1495–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Wolf JM, Turkiewicz A, Atroshi I, Englund M. Occupational load as a risk factor for clinically relevant base of thumb osteoarthritis. Occup Environ Med. 2020;77:168–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Elder R, Acheson RM. New Haven survey of joint diseases: XIV. Social class and behavior in response to symptoms of osteoarthrosis. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. 1970;48(4):449.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. •• Neame R, Zhang W, Deighton C, Doherty M, Doherty S, Lanyon P, et al. Distribution of radiographic osteoarthritis between the right and left hands, hips, and knees. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(5):1487–94. Good discussion of studies of pain in hand OA, including findings regarding lower education level and mental health associating with hand OA disease.

  91. Segal R, Avrahami E, Lebdinski E, Habut B, Leibovitz A, Gil I, et al. The impact of hemiparalysis on the expression of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41(12):2249–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Goldberg RP, Zulman JI, Genant HK. Unilateral primary osteoarthritis of the hand in monoplegia. Radiology. 1980;135(1):65–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Stecher RM, Karnosh LJ. Heberden’s nodes; the effect of nerve injury upon the formation of degenerative joint disease of the fingers. Am J Med Sci. 1947;213(2):181–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Lane NE, Bloch DA, Jones HH, Simpson U, Fries JF. Osteoarthritis in the hand: a comparison of handedness and hand use. J Rheumatol. 1989;16(5):637–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Solovieva S, Vehmas T, Riihimäki H, Luoma K, Leino-Arjas P. Hand use and patterns of joint involvement in osteoarthritis. A comparison of female dentists and teachers. Rheumatology. 2005;44(4):521–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Neogi T, Booth SL, Zhang YQ, Jacques PF, Terkeltaub R, Aliabadi P, et al. Low vitamin K status is associated with osteoarthritis in the hand and knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(4):1255–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Neogi T, Felson DT, Sarno R, Booth SL. Vitamin K in hand osteoarthritis: results from a randomised clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(11):1570–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Misra D, Booth SL, Tolstykh I, Felson DT, Nevitt MC, Lewis CE, et al. Vitamin K Deficiency is associated with incident knee osteoarthritis. Am J Med. 2013;126(3):243–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Kalichman L, Kobyliansky E. Association between circulatory levels of vitamin D and radiographic hand osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(1):253–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Thomas S, et al. What is the evidence for a role for diet and nutrition in osteoarthritis? Rheumatology (United Kingdom). 2018;57:iv61–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kroon FPB, Veenbrink AI, de Mutsert R, Visser AW, van Dijk KW, le Cessie S, et al. The role of leptin and adiponectin as mediators in the relationship between adiposity and hand and knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2019;27(12):1761–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Loef M, Ioan-Facsinay A, Mook-Kanamori DO, Willems van Dijk K, de Mutsert R, Kloppenburg M, et al. The association of plasma fatty acids with hand and knee osteoarthritis: the NEO study. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2020;28(2):223–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Karvonen-Gutierrez CA, MP Jiang Y, Harlow S. Association of leptin levels with radiographic hand osteoarthritis and severity among a cohort of midlife women. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2017;25:s196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Massengale M, Reichmann WM, Losina E, Solomon DH, Katz JN. The relationship between hand osteoarthritis and serum leptin concentration in participants of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis research & therapy. 2012;14(3):R132.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Addimanda O, Mancarella L, Dolzani P, Ramonda R, Fioravanti A, Brusi V, et al. Clinical associations in patients with hand osteoarthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2012;41(4):310–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Magnusson K, Mathiessen A, Hammer HB, Kvien TK, Slatkowsky-Christensen B, Natvig B, et al. Smoking and alcohol use are associated with structural and inflammatory hand osteoarthritis features. Scand J Rheumatol. 2017;46(5):388–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Jones G, Cooley HM, Stankovich JM. A cross sectional study of the association between sex, smoking, and other lifestyle factors and osteoarthritis of the hand. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(8):1719–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Kalichman L, Hernández-Molina G. Hand osteoarthritis: an epidemiological perspective. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2010;39(6):465–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Magnusson K, Hagen KB, Østerås N, Nordsletten L, Natvig B, Haugen IK. Diabetes is associated with increased hand pain in erosive hand osteoarthritis: data from a population-based study. Arthritis Care Res. 2015;67(2):187–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. •• Scherzer ZA, Alvarez C, Renner JB, Murphy LB, Schwartz TA, Jordan JM, et al. Effects of comorbid cardiovascular disease and diabetes on hand osteoarthritis, pain, and functional state transitions: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. J Rheumatol. 2020;47(10):1541–9. Excellent discussion of previous studies on DM and hand OA. Using the Johnston County OA cohort, showed that those with DM had a higher risk of developing pain over time due to hand OA, and that those with CV disease were less likely to have their hand pain improve over time.

  111. Courties A, Sellam J, Maheu E, Cadet C, Barthe Y, Carrat F, et al. Coronary heart disease is associated with a worse clinical outcome of hand osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. RMD Open. 2017;3(1):e000344.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Haugen IK, Ramachandran VS, Misra D, Neogi T, Niu J, Yang T, et al. Hand osteoarthritis in relation to mortality and incidence of cardiovascular disease: data from the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(1):74–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Cemeroglu O, Aydın HI, Yasar ZS, Bozduman F, Saglam M, Selcoki Y, et al. Hand and heart, hand in hand: Is radiological hand osteoarthritis associated with atherosclerosis? Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17(3):299–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Kendzerska T, Jüni P, King LK, Croxford R, Stanaitis I, Hawker GA. The longitudinal relationship between hand, hip and knee osteoarthritis and cardiovascular events: a population-based cohort study. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2017;25(11):1771–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Magnusson K, Bech Holte K, Juel NG, Brox JI, Hagen KB, Haugen IK, et al. Long term type 1 diabetes is associated with hand pain, disability and stiffness but not with structural hand osteoarthritis features – the Dialong hand study. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177118.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Marshall M, Peat G, Nicholls E, Myers HL, Mamas MA, van der Windt D. Metabolic risk factors and the incidence and progression of radiographic hand osteoarthritis: a population-based cohort study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2019;48(1):52–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Nieves-Plaza M, Castro-Santana LE, Font YM, Mayor AM, Vilá LM. Association of hand or knee osteoarthritis with diabetes mellitus in a population of Hispanics from Puerto Rico. J Clin Rheumatol. 2013;19(1):1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Reyes C, Garcia-Gil M, Elorza JM, Mendez-Boo L, Hermosilla E, Javaid MK, et al. Socio-economic status and the risk of developing hand, hip or knee osteoarthritis: a region-wide ecological study. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2015;23(8):1323–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Krasnokutsky S, Oshinsky C, Attur M, Ma S, Zhou H, Zheng F, et al. Serum urate levels predict joint space narrowing in non-gout patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2017;69(6):1213–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Roddy E, Doherty M. Gout and osteoarthritis: a pathogenetic link? Joint Bone Spine. 2012;79(5):425–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Ma CA, Leung YY. Exploring the link between uric acid and osteoarthritis. Frontiers in Medicine. 2017;4:1–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Blagojevic M, Jinks C, Jeffery A, Jordan KP. Risk factors for onset of osteoarthritis of the knee in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(1):24–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Dahaghin S, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Reijman M, Pols HAP, Hazes JMW, Koes BW. Does hand osteoarthritis predict future hip or knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(11):3520–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Englund M, Paradowski PT, Lohmander LS. Association of radiographic hand osteoarthritis with radiographic knee osteoarthritis after meniscectomy. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(2):469–75.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 333 E. 38th St, 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA

    Benjamin Plotz, Fernando Bomfim & Jonathan Samuels

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Mohammad Ahsan Sohail

Authors
  1. Benjamin Plotz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fernando Bomfim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohammad Ahsan Sohail
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jonathan Samuels
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Benjamin Plotz.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

All CI reported as 95% unless otherwise noted

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Osteoarthritis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Plotz, B., Bomfim, F., Sohail, M.A. et al. Current Epidemiology and Risk Factors for the Development of Hand Osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 23, 61 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-021-01025-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-021-01025-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation