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Depression and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update on How Course of Illness May Influence Risk

  • Mood Disorders (JF Greden, Section Editor)
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Abstract

Depression constitutes a novel and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which despite extensive support in the literature has been underappreciated. While much of the evidence for depression as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease is based on studies following myocardial infarction, the elevated vascular risk conveyed by depression is not confined to periods following acute coronary syndromes. For that matter, the risk appears across mood disorders with evidence for even greater risk in bipolar disorder. This review summarizes the literature linking depressive disorders to cardiovascular mortality with a focus on how the course of illness of mood disorders may influence this risk. Mood disorders may influence risk over decades of illness in a dose-response to symptom burden, or the persistence of affective symptomatology. This may be mediated through changes in the activity of the autonomic nervous system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and inflammatory cytokines. Whether treatment of depression can mitigate this risk is not established although there are suggestions to support this contention, which could be better studied with more effective treatments of depression and larger standardized samples. Directions for future study of mechanisms and treatment are discussed. Regardless of causal mechanisms, persons with depressive disorders and other risk factors for vascular disease represent a neglected, high-risk group for cardiovascular events. In addition to the appropriate treatment for depression, screening and optimized management of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is necessary.

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Jess G. Fiedorowicz declares no conflict of interest. Dr. Fiedorowicz is supported by the National Institutes of Health (K23MH083695).

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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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  1. Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive W278GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Jess G. Fiedorowicz

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive W278GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Jess G. Fiedorowicz

  3. Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive W278GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Jess G. Fiedorowicz

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  1. Jess G. Fiedorowicz
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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Mood Disorders

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Fiedorowicz, J.G. Depression and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update on How Course of Illness May Influence Risk. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16, 492 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0492-6

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