Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Risk Factors of Chronic Daily Headache or Chronic Migraine

  • Chronic Daily Headache (SJ Wang, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Pain and Headache Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Chronic daily headache (CDH) is a common neurological condition that affects 1–4 % of the general population. Most individuals with CDH originally suffered from episodic headaches, but over time, this developed into CDH. Although the pathophysiology of CDH is not fully understood, recent clinical and epidemiological studies suggest some risk factors that are associated with an increased risk of transformation from episodic headaches. If risk factors can be identified, they could provide a base for aggressive preventive intervention and thus decrease the transformation from episodic headaches to eventual CDH. In this article, we review and summarize the current data on risk factors for CDH.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AMPP:

American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention

CDH:

Chronic daily headache

CM:

Chronic migraine

CGRP:

Calcium-gene-related peptide

CTTH:

Chronic tension-type headache

EM:

Episodic migraine

HR:

Hazard ratio

ICHD-2:

The second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorder

ICHD-3 beta:

The third beta edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorder

ICD-9-CM:

The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification

OR:

Odds ratio

SES:

Socioeconomic status

TM:

Transformed migraine

TMD:

Temporomandibular disorders

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Castillo J, Muñoz P, Guitera V, Pascual J. Epidemiology of chronic daily headache in the general population. Headache. 1999;39(3):190–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Lu S, Fuh J, Chen W, Juang K, Wang S. Chronic daily headache in Taipei, Taiwan: prevalence, follow-up and outcome predictors. Cephalalgia. 2001;21(10):980–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Stark RJ, Ravishankar K, Siow HC, Lee KS, Pepperle R, Wang S-J. Chronic migraine and chronic daily headache in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(4):266–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wang S-J, Fuh J-L, Lu S-R, Liu C-Y, Hsu L-C, Wang P-N, et al. Chronic daily headache in Chinese elderly: prevalence, risk factors, and biannual follow-up. Neurology. 2000;54(2):314–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Prencipe M, Casini A, Ferretti C, Santini M, Pezzella F, Scaldaferri N, et al. Prevalence of headache in an elderly population: attack frequency, disability, and use of medication. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(3):377–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bekkelund SI, Salvesen R. Prevalence of head trauma in patients with difficult headache: the North Norway Headache Study. Headache. 2003;43(1):59–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Manzoni G, Granella F, Sandrini G, Cavallini A, Zanferrari C, Nappi G. Classification of chronic daily headache by International Headache Society criteria: limits and new proposals. Cephalalgia. 1995;15(1):37–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mathew NT. Chronic daily headache. Handbook of Headache. 2005:113–38.

  9. Mathew NT, Reuveni U, Perez F. Transformed or evolutive migraine. Headache. 1987;27(2):102–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Solomon S, Lipton RB, Newman LC. Clinical features of chronic daily headache. Headache. 1992;32(7):325–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Von Korff M, Galer BS, Stang P. Chronic use of symptomatic headache medications. Pain. 1995;62(2):179–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB. Chronic daily headache, including transformed migraine, chronic tension-type headache, and medication overuse. Wolff’s Headache Head Pain. 2001;7:247–82.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Sliwinski M. Classification of daily and near-daily headaches field trial of revised IHS criteria. Neurology. 1996;47(4):871–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Scher AI, Stewart WF, Liberman J, Lipton RB. Prevalence of frequent headache in a population sample. Headache. 1998;38(7):497–506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Olesen J, Steiner T. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edn (ICDH-II). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(6):808.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders, (beta version). Cephalalgia. 2013;33(9):629–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Scher A, Stewart W, Ricci J, Lipton R. Factors associated with the onset and remission of chronic daily headache in a population-based study. Pain. 2003;106(1):81–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wiendels NJ, Neven AK, Rosendaal FR, Spinhoven P, Zitman FG, Assendelft WJ, et al. Chronic frequent headache in the general population: prevalence and associated factors. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(12):1434–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang S-J, Fuh J-L, Lu S-R, Juang K-D. Outcomes and predictors of chronic daily headache in adolescents: a 2-year longitudinal study. Neurology. 2007;68(8):591–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Manack A, Buse D, Serrano D, Turkel C, Lipton R. Rates, predictors, and consequences of remission from chronic migraine to episodic migraine. Neurology. 2011;76(8):711–8. A population-based study investigating factors associated with remission from CM to EM.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Modifiable risk factors for migraine progression. Headache. 2006;46(9):1334–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Buse DC, Manack A, Serrano D, Turkel C, Lipton RB. Sociodemographic and comorbidity profiles of chronic migraine and episodic migraine sufferers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81(4):428–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Blumenfeld AM, Varon SF, Wilcox TK, Buse DC, Kawata AK, Manack A, et al. Disability, HRQoL and resource use among chronic and episodic migraineurs: results from the International Burden of Migraine Study (IBMS). Cephalalgia. 2011;31(3):301–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chen YC, Tang CH, Ng K, Wang SJ. Comorbidity profiles of chronic migraine sufferers in a national database in Taiwan. J Headache Pain. 2012;13(4):311–9. This article showed multiple comorbidities of CM compared to non-migraineurs and other migraine subtypes using Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database and emphasized the higher risk of depression, anxiety, bipolar, and other medical illness in CM sufferers.

  25. Pakalnis A, Butz C, Splaingard D, Kring D, Fong J. Emotional problems and prevalence of medication overuse in pediatric chronic daily headache. J Child Neurol. 2007;22(12):1356–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Buse DC, Silberstein SD, Manack AN, Papapetropoulos S, Lipton RB. Psychiatric comorbidities of episodic and chronic migraine. J Neurol. 2013;260(8):1960–9. A comprehensive review article summarized the association between psychiatric comorbidity and CM in comparison with EM, using recent data.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Houle TT, Butschek RA, Turner DP, Smitherman TA, Rains JC, Penzien DB. Stress and sleep duration predict headache severity in chronic headache sufferers. Pain. 2012;153(12):2432–40.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Radat F, Creac’h C, Swendsen J, Lafittau M, Irachabal S, Dousset V, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in the evolution from migraine to medication overuse headache. Cephalalgia. 2005;25(7):519–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Breslau N, Davis GC, Schultz LR, Peterson EL. Joint 1994 Wolff Award Presentation. Migraine and major depression: a longitudinal study. Headache. 1994;34(7):387–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rueda-Sanchez M, Diaz-Martinez LA. Prevalence and associated factors for episodic and chronic daily headache in the Colombian population. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(3):216–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Scher A, Lipton R, Stewart W. Habitual snoring as a risk factor for chronic daily headache. Neurology. 2003;60(8):1366–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Fernandes G, Franco AL, Goncalves DA, Speciali JG, Bigal ME, Camparis CM. Temporomandibular disorders, sleep bruxism, and primary headaches are mutually associated. J Orofac Pain. 2013;27(1):14–20. This article showed the mutual association between painful TMD, sleep bruxism, and CM. TMD or sleep bruxism increased risk of CM. Otherwise diagnosis of CM increased risk of TMD with/without sleep bruxism.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Barbanti P, Aurilia C, Egeo G, Fofi L, Vanacore N. A case-control study on excessive daytime sleepiness in chronic migraine. Sleep Med. 2013;14(3):278–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Stuginski-Barbosa J, Macedo HR, Bigal ME, Speciali JG. Signs of temporomandibular disorders in migraine patients: a prospective, controlled study. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(5):418–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Goncalves DA, Camparis CM, Speciali JG, Franco AL, Castanharo SM, Bigal ME. Temporomandibular disorders are differentially associated with headache diagnoses: a controlled study. Clin J Pain. 2011;27(7):611–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bevilaqua-Grossi D, Lipton RB, Napchan U, Grosberg B, Ashina S, Bigal ME. Temporomandibular disorders and cutaneous allodynia are associated in individuals with migraine. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(4):425–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Obesity is a risk factor for transformed migraine but not chronic tension-type headache. Neurology. 2006;67(2):252–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lu SR, Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Juang KD, Chen SP, Liao YC, et al. Incidence and risk factors of chronic daily headache in young adolescents: a school cohort study. Pediatrics. 2013;132(1):e9–16. The role of obesity on the new onset CDH in young adolescents using a school cohort.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Alessi MC, Lijnen HR, Bastelica D, Juhan-Vague I. Adipose tissue and atherothrombosis. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2003;33(5–6):290–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Zelissen PM, Koppeschaar HP, Lips CJ, Hackeng WH. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in human obesity. Peptides. 1991;12(4):861–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Baranowska B, Wolinska-Witort E, Martynska L, Chmielowska M, Baranowska-Bik A. Plasma orexin A, orexin B, leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and insulin in obese women. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2005;26(4):293–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bernecker C, Pailer S, Kieslinger P, Horejsi R, Moller R, Lechner A, et al. GLP-2 and leptin are associated with hyperinsulinemia in non-obese female migraineurs. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(11):1366–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Winter AC, Berger K, Buring JE, Kurth T. Body mass index, migraine, migraine frequency and migraine features in women. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(2):269–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Silverman K, Evans SM, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Withdrawal syndrome after the double-blind cessation of caffeine consumption. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(16):1109–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Scher AI, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Caffeine as a risk factor for chronic daily headache a population-based study. Neurology. 2004;63(11):2022–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hering-Hanit R, Gadoth N. Caffeine-induced headache in children and adolescents. Cephalalgia. 2003;23(5):332–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bigal ME. The paradoxical effects of analgesics and the development of chronic migraine. Arq Nneuropsiquiatria. 2011;69(3):544–51. A review article summarized the association between CM risk and various abortive medications.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. De Felice M, Ossipov MH, Wang R, Lai J, Chichorro J, Meng I, et al. Triptan-induced latent sensitization: a possible basis for medication overuse headache. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(3):325–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population‐based study. Headache. 2008;48(8):1157–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Starling AJ, Hoffman-Snyder C, Halker RB, Wellik KE, Vargas BB, Dodick DW, et al. Risk of development of medication overuse headache with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy for migraine: a critically appraised topic. Neurologist. 2011;17(5):297–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Katsarava Z, Dzagnidze A, Kukava M, Mirvelashvili E, Djibuti M, Janelidze M, et al. Primary headache disorders in the Republic of Georgia: prevalence and risk factors. Neurology. 2009;73(21):1796–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ashina S, Lyngberg A, Jensen R. Headache characteristics and chronification of migraine and tension-type headache: a population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(8):943–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Excessive acute migraine medication use and migraine progression. Neurology. 2008;71(22):1821–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Manzoni GC, Lombardi LL, Lana S, Maffezzoni M, Camarda C, Torelli P. Detection of possible factors favouring the evolution of migraine without aura into chronic migraine. Neurol Sci. 2012;33 Suppl 1:S165–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Katsarava Z, Schneeweiss S, Kurth T, Kroener U, Fritsche G, Eikermann A, et al. Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine. Neurology. 2004;62(5):788–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Buchgreitz L, Lyngberg AC, Bendtsen L, Jensen R. Increased pain sensitivity is not a risk factor but a consequence of frequent headache: a population-based follow-up study. Pain. 2008;137(3):623–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Louter MA, Bosker JE, van Oosterhout WP, van Zwet EW, Zitman FG, Ferrari MD, et al. Cutaneous allodynia as a predictor of migraine chronification. Brain. 2013;136(Pt 11):3489–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Misra UK, Kalita J, Bhoi SK. Allodynia in migraine: clinical observation and role of prophylactic therapy. Clin J Pain. 2013;29(7):577–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bigal M, Ashina S, Burstein R, Reed M, Buse D, Serrano D, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of allodynia in headache sufferers: a population study. Neurology. 2008;70(17):1525–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Grande RB, Aaseth K, Gulbrandsen P, Lundqvist C, Russell MB. Prevalence of primary chronic headache in a population-based sample of 30- to 44-year-old persons. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;30(2):76–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hagen K, Zwart JA, Vatten L, Stovner L, Bovim G. Prevalence of migraine and non‐migrainous headache—head‐HUNT, a large population‐based study. Cephalalgia. 2000;20(10):900–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lantéri-Minet M, Auray J-P, El Hasnaoui A, Dartigues J-F, Duru G, Henry P, et al. Prevalence and description of chronic daily headache in the general population in France. Pain. 2003;102(1):143–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Park JW, Moon HS, Kim JM, Lee KS, Chu MK. Chronic daily headache in Korea: prevalence, clinical characteristics, medical consultation and management. J Clin Neurol. 2014;10(30):236–43.

  64. Yu S, Liu R, Zhao G, Yang X, Qiao X, Feng J, et al. The prevalence and burden of primary headaches in China: a population‐based door‐to‐door survey. Headache. 2012;52(4):582–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fendrich K, Vennemann M, Pfaffenrath V, Evers S, May A, Berger K, et al. Headache prevalence among adolescents—the German DMKG headache study. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(4):347–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Wang S-J, Fuh J-L, Lu S-R. Chronic daily headache in adolescents: an 8-year follow-up study. Neurology. 2009;73(6):416–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Queiroz L, Peres M, Kowacs F, Piovesan E, Ciciarelli M, Souza J, et al. Chronic daily headache in Brazil: a nationwide population‐based study. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(12):1264–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hagen K, Vatten L, Stovner L, Zwart JA, Krokstad S, Bovim G. Low socio‐economic status is associated with increased risk of frequent headache: a prospective study of 22 718 adults in Norway. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(8):672–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Arruda MA, Guidetti V, Galli F, Albuquerque RC, Bigal ME. Frequency of headaches in children is influenced by headache status in the mother. Headache. 2010;50(6):973–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cevoli S, Sancisi E, Grimaldi D, Pierangeli G, Zanigni S, Nicodemo M, et al. Family history for chronic headache and drug overuse as a risk factor for headache chronification. Headache. 2009;49(3):412–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Russell M, Østergaard S, Bendtsen L, Olesen J. Familial occurrence of chronic tension‐type headache. Cephalalgia. 1999;19(4):207–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Shin H-E, Han S-J, Lee K-S, Park J-W. Polymorphism of the glutamate transporter protein EAAT2 and migraine transformation into chronic daily headache. J Clin Neurol. 2011;7(3):143–7. A genetic association study for the migraine transformation to CDH.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Terrazzino S, Sances G, Balsamo F, Viana M, Monaco F, Bellomo G, et al. Role of 2 common variants of 5HT2A gene in medication overuse headache. Headache. 2010;50(10):1587–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Stewart W, Scher A, Lipton R. Stressful life events and risk of chronic daily headache: results from the frequent headache epidemiology study. Cephalalgia. 2001;21:279.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Tietjen G, Brandes J, Digre KB, Baggaley S, Martin V, Recober A, et al. History of childhood maltreatment is associated with comorbid depression in women with migraine. Neurology. 2007;69(10):959–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Reynolds DJ, Hovanitz CA. Life event stress and headache frequency revisited. Headache. 2000;40(2):111–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. De Benedittis G, Lorenzetti A, Fieri A. The role of stressful life events in the onset of chronic primary headache. Pain. 1990;40(1):65–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. De Benedittis G, Lorenzetti A. The role of stressful life events in the persistence of primary headache: major events vs. daily hassles. Pain. 1992;51(1):35–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. De Leeuw R, Schmidt JE, Carlson CR. Traumatic stressors and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms in headache patients. Headache. 2005;45(10):1365–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Scher A, Stewart W, Buse D, Krantz D, Lipton R. Major life changes before and after the onset of chronic daily headache: a population‐based study. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(8):868–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Passchier J, Schouten J, Donk J, Romunde L. The association of frequent headaches with personality and life events. Headache. 1991;31(2):116–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Juang KD, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Lu SR, Chen YS. Association between adolescent chronic daily headache and childhood adversity: a community‐based study. Cephalalgia. 2004;24(1):54–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Kay D, Kerr T, Lassman L. Brain trauma and the postconcussional syndrome. Lancet. 1971;298(7733):1052–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Walker WC, Seel RT, Curtiss G, Warden DL. Headache after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(9):1793–800.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Alves WM, Colohan AR, O’Leary TJ, Rimel RW, Jane JA. Understanding posttraumatic symptoms after minor head injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1986;1(2):1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Yamaguchi M. Incidence of headache and severity of head injury. Headache. 1992;32(9):427–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Jensen OK, Nielsen FF. The influence of sex and pre-traumatic headache on the incidence and severity of headache after head injury. Cephalalgia. 1990;10(6):285–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Moscato D, Peracchi MI, Mazzotta G, Savi L, Battistella PA. Post-traumatic headache from moderate head injury. J Headache Pain. 2005;6(4):284–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Weiss HD, Stern BJ, Goldberg J. Post‐traumatic migraine: chronic migraine precipitated by minor head or neck trauma. Headache. 1991;31(7):451–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Scher AI, Lipton RB, Stewart W. Risk factors for chronic daily headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2002;6(6):486–91.

  91. Couch JR, Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Scher AI. Head or neck injury increases the risk of chronic daily headache a population-based study. Neurology. 2007;69(11):1169–77.

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

ᅟ

Conflict of Interest

Dr. Soo-Jin Cho and Dr. Min Kyung Chu each declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, South Korea

    Soo-Jin Cho

  2. Department of Neurology, Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 896 Pyungchon-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 431-070, South Korea

    Min Kyung Chu

Authors
  1. Soo-Jin Cho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Min Kyung Chu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Min Kyung Chu.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Chronic Daily Headache

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cho, SJ., Chu, M.K. Risk Factors of Chronic Daily Headache or Chronic Migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep 19, 465 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-014-0465-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-014-0465-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation