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Exosomes and Extracellular RNA in Muscle and Bone Aging and Crosstalk

  • Muscle and Bone (L Bonewald and M Hamrick, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Osteoporosis Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Extracellular vesicles (EV), which include exosomes and microvesicles, are membrane-bound particles shed by most cell types and are important mediators of cell-cell communication by delivering their cargo of proteins, miRNA, and mRNA to target cells and altering their function. Here, we provide an overview of what is currently known about EV composition and function in bone and muscle cells and discuss their role in mediating crosstalk between these two tissues as well as their role in musculoskeletal aging.

Recent Findings

Recent studies have shown that muscle and bone cells produce EV, whose protein, mRNA, and miRNA cargo reflects the differentiated state of the parental cells. These EV have functional effects within their respective tissues, but evidence is accumulating that they are also shed into the circulation and can have effects on distant tissues. Bone- and muscle-derived EV can alter the differentiation and function of bone and muscle cells. Many of these effects are mediated via small microRNAs that regulate target genes in recipient cells.

Summary

EV-mediated signaling in muscle and bone is an exciting and emerging field. While considerable progress has been made, much is still to be discovered about the mechanisms regulating EV composition, release, uptake, and function in muscle and bone. A key challenge is to understand more precisely how exosomes function in truly physiological settings.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. LeAnn Tiede-Lewis in the UMKC Confocal Imaging Core for her expert assistance with the confocal intravital imaging data shown in Fig. 2(B).

Funding

SLD was supported by NIH grants P01-AG039355 and R21-AR071563. WQ was supported by Veterans Health Administration, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service Merit Review Award 1 I01 RX002089-01A2 and NIH R21 NS111393-01A1. We acknowledge use of the UMKC Confocal Microscopy Core supported by NIH grants S10RR027668 and S10OD021665, the UMKC Office of Research Services, and UMKC Center of Excellence in Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues.

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  1. Weiping Qin and Sarah L. Dallas contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, NY, 10468, USA

    Weiping Qin

  2. Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA

    Weiping Qin

  3. Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, 650 E. 25th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA

    Sarah L. Dallas

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  1. Weiping Qin
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Qin, W., Dallas, S.L. Exosomes and Extracellular RNA in Muscle and Bone Aging and Crosstalk. Curr Osteoporos Rep 17, 548–559 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-019-00537-7

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