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The Role of Adiponectin in Endothelial Dysfunction and Hypertension

  • Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome (JR Sowers and AT Whaley-Connell, Section Editors)
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Abstract

It has been two decades since the discovery of adiponectin, and today its role in insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis are areas of major interest. Production of adiponectin is reduced in all inflammatory processes and states of insulin resistance such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. Adiponectin regulates carbohydrate metabolism, and may also regulate vascular homeostasis by affecting important signaling pathways in endothelial cells and modulating inflammatory responses in the subendothelial space. Clinical studies have demonstrated a relationship between serum adiponectin concentrations and the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), causing changes in blood pressure. Antihypertensive therapy with angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) has been demonstrated to increase adiponectin levels in 3-6 months. Adiponectin has also been shown to play a role in cardiac injury in modulation of pro-survival reactions, cardiac energy metabolism, and inhibition of hypertrophic remodeling. The effects of adiponectin on the cardiovascular system are believed to be partially mediated by the activation of 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways, reducing endothelial cell apoptosis, promoting nitric oxide production, decreasing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) activity, and preventing atherosclerotic proliferation and smooth muscle cell migration. Further evaluation of biologically active forms of adiponectin and its receptor should help to clarify how obesity affects the cardiovascular system.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center “Dr. Félix Gómez”, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela

    Edward Rojas, Daloha Rodríguez-Molina, Judith Faría & Valmore Bermúdez

  2. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Peter Bolli

  3. Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Zafar H. Israili

  4. Military Hospital of Maracaibo, Maracaibo, State of Zulia, Venezuela

    Enzamaría Fidilio

  5. Clinical Pharmacology Unit of José María Vargas School of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

    Manuel Velasco

  6. Faculty of Medicine, La Universidad del Zulia (LUZ), Maracaibo, Venezuela

    Edward Rojas

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  1. Edward Rojas
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Conflict of Interest Edward Rojas, Daloha Rodríguez-Molina, Peter Bolli, Zafar H. Israili, Judith Faría, Enzamaría Fidilio, Valmore Bermúdez, and Manuel Velasco each declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Rojas, E., Rodríguez-Molina, D., Bolli, P. et al. The Role of Adiponectin in Endothelial Dysfunction and Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 16, 463 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-014-0463-7

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