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Diagnosis and Management of Pheochromocytoma: A Practical Guide to Clinicians

  • Secondary Hypertension: Nervous System Mechanisms (J Bisognano, Section Editor)
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Abstract

Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are rare catecholamine producing neuroendocrine tumors. The majority of these tumors (85 %) arise from the adrenal medulla. Those arising from the extra-adrenal neural ganglia are called paragangliomas (PGLs). Paroxysmal hypertension with sweating, headaches and palpitation are the usual presenting features of PCCs/ PGLs. Gene mutations are reported in 32–79 % of cases, making genetic screening mandatory in all the cases. The malignancy rates are 10–15 % for PCCs and 20–50 % for PGLs. Measurement of plasma or 24–hour urinary fractionated metanephrines is the best biochemical diagnostic test. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging has high sensitivity (90–100 %) and reasonable specificity (70–90 %) for the anatomical localization. The functionality is assessed by different radionuclide imaging modalities such as metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, positron emission tomography or single photon emission computed tomography. The only modality of curative treatment is tumor excision. Proper peri-operative management improves the surgical outcomes. Annual follow up with clinical and biochemical assessment is recommended in all the cases after treatment. Children, pregnant women and older people have higher morbidity and mortality risk. De-bulking surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, molecular agents like sunitinib and everolimus, radionuclide agents and different ablation procedures may be useful in the palliation of inoperable/metastatic disease. An update on the diagnostic evaluation and management of PCCs and PGLs is presented here.

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Acknowledgement

We are thankful to Professor. Richard N Clayton PhD, FRCP, for the critical review of the manuscript and the suggestions for modifications.

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Conflict of Interest

Joseph M. Pappachan, Diana Raskauskiene, Rajagopalan Sriraman, Mahamood Edavalath, and Fahmy W. Hanna declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology, Walsall Manor Hospital, West Midlands, WS2 9PS, UK

    Joseph M. Pappachan & Diana Raskauskiene

  2. Department of Endocrinology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, UK

    Rajagopalan Sriraman

  3. Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6QG, UK

    Mahamood Edavalath & Fahmy W. Hanna

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  1. Joseph M. Pappachan
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Correspondence to Joseph M. Pappachan.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Secondary Hypertension: Nervous System Mechanisms

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Pappachan, J.M., Raskauskiene, D., Sriraman, R. et al. Diagnosis and Management of Pheochromocytoma: A Practical Guide to Clinicians. Curr Hypertens Rep 16, 442 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-014-0442-z

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