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Neuroimaging the Neuropathogenesis of HIV

  • HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment (AL Landay and NS Utay, Section Editors)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review highlights neuroimaging studies of HIV conducted over the last 2 years and discusses how relevant findings further our knowledge of the neuropathology of HIV. Three major avenues of neuroimaging research are covered with a particular emphasis on inflammation, aging, and substance use in persons living with HIV (PLWH).

Recent Findings

Neuroimaging has been a critical tool for understanding the neuropathological underpinnings observed in HIV. Recent studies comparing levels of neuroinflammation in PLWH and HIV-negative controls show inconsistent results but report an association between elevated neuroinflammation and poorer cognition in PLWH. Other recent neuroimaging studies suggest that older PLWH are at increased risk for brain and cognitive compromise compared to their younger counterparts. Finally, recent findings also suggest that the effects of HIV may be exacerbated by alcohol and drug abuse.

Summary

These neuroimaging studies provide insight into the structural, functional, and molecular changes occurring in the brain due to HIV. HIV triggers a strong neuroimmune response and may lead to a cascade of events including increased chronic inflammation and cognitive decline. These outcomes are further exacerbated by age and age-related comorbidities, as well as lifestyle factors such as drug use/abuse.

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Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

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Funding

This study was supported by grants from the National Institute for Nursing Research (R01NR014449 and R01NR015738), the National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH118031), and the Washington University Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences (UL-TR000448 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences).

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  1. Anna H. Boerwinkle, Karin L. Meeker and Patrick Luckett contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Anna H. Boerwinkle, Karin L. Meeker, Patrick Luckett & Beau M. Ances

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  1. Anna H. Boerwinkle
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Correspondence to Beau M. Ances.

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Boerwinkle, A.H., Meeker, K.L., Luckett, P. et al. Neuroimaging the Neuropathogenesis of HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 18, 221–228 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-021-00548-z

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