References
Kaplan A. What the first 10,000 patients with chronic urticaria have taught me: a personal journey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:713–7.
Weiler J, Bloomfield J, Woodworth G, et al. Effects of fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, and alcohol on driving performance. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in the Iowa driving simulator. Ann Int Med. 2000;132:354–63.
Verster J, Volkerts E, van Oosterwijck A, et al. Acute and subchronic effects of levocetirizine and diphenhydramine on memory functioning, psychomotor performance, and mood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:623–7.
Ramaekers J, O'Hanlon J. Acrivastine, terfenadine and diphenhydramine effects on driving performance as a function of dose and time after dosing. European J Clin Pharm. 1994;47:261–6.
Church M, Maurer M, Simons F, et al. Risk of first-generation H(1)-antihistamines: a GA(2)LEN position paper. Allergy. 2010;65:459–66.
Bender B, Berning S, Dudden R, et al. Sedation and performance impairment of diphenhydramine and second-generation antihistamines: a meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:770–6.
Kaplan A. Chronic urticaria and angioedema. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:175–9.
Boyce J. Successful treatment of cold-induced urticaria/anaphylaxis with anti-IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:1415–8.
Houser D, Arbesman C, Ito K, et al. Cold urticaria. Immunologic studies. Am J Med. 1970;49:23–33.
Kaplan A, Garofalo J, Sigler R, et al. Idiopathic cold urticaria: in vitro demonstration of histamine release upon challenge of skin biopsies. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1074–7.
Newcomb R, Nelson H. Dermographia mediated by immunoglobulin E. Am J Med. 1973;54:174–80.
Botto N, Warshaw E. Solar urticaria. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:909–20.
Guzelbey O, Ardelean E, Magerl M, et al. Successful treatment of solar urticaria with anti-immunoglobulin E therapy. Allergy. 2008;63:1563–5.
Waibel K, Reese D, Hamilton R, et al. Partial improvement of solar urticaria after omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;125:490–1.
Estes S, Yung C. Delayed pressure urticaria: an investigation of some parameters of lesion induction. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;5:25–31.
Barlow R, Ross E, MacDonald D, et al. Adhesion molecule expression and the inflammatory cell infiltrate in delayed pressure urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131:341–7.
Zuberbier T, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C, et al. EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: management of urticaria. Allergy. 2009;64:1427–43.
Hide M, Francis D, Grattan C, et al. Autoantibodies against the high-affinity IgE receptor as a cause of histamine release in chronic urticaria. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1599–604.
Kikuchi Y, Kaplan A. Mechanisms of autoimmune activation of basophils in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:1056–62.
Leznoff A, Sussman G. Syndrome of idiopathic chronic urticaria and angioedema with thyroid autoimmunity: a study of 90 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;84:66–71.
Kikuchi Y, Fann T, Kaplan A. Antithyroid antibodies in chronic urticaria and angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:218.
Staevska M, Popov T, Kralimarkova T, et al. The effectiveness of levocetirizine and desloratadine in up to 4 times conventional doses in difficult-to-treat urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:676–82.
Grattan C, O'Donnell B, Francis D, et al. Randomized double-blind study of cyclosporin in chronic 'idiopathic' urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:365–72.
Kessel A, Toubi E. Cyclosporine A in severe chronic urticaria: the option for long-term therapy. Allergy. 2010;65:1478–82.
Kaplan A, Joseph K, Maykut R, et al. Treatment of chronic autoimmune urticaria with omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:569–73.
Spector S, Tan R. Effect of omalizumab on patients with chronic urticaria. Annals Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;99:190–3.
Dreyfus D. Observations on the mechanism of omalizumab as a steroid-sparing agent in autoimmune or chronic idiopathic urticaria and angioedema. Annals Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100:624–5.
Ferrer M, Gamboa P, Sanz M, et al. Omalizumab is effective in non-autoimmune urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011 (in press).
Disclosure
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaplan, A.P. What to Do With Refractory Urticaria Patients. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 11, 189–191 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-011-0187-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-011-0187-6